Archive for November 2018

Mary found an interaction between a defendant's gender (male or female) and their appearance (attractive or unattractive) on judgments of criminal behaviour. She analyzes the difference between judgments for unattractive defendants who are male or female. She then performs the same analysis for attractive males and females. Mary has examined the

Mary found an interaction between a defendant's gender (male or female) and their appearance (attractive or unattractive) on judgments of criminal behaviour. She analyzes the difference between judgments for unattractive defendants who are male or female. She then performs the same analysis for attractive males and females. Mary has examined the



a. main effect of gender.
b. simple main effect of gender.
c. simple main effect of appearance.
d. main effect of appearance.

Answer: simple main effect of appearance.

A 2 x 2 factorial design was used to study the effects of participant gender and style of persuasion on attitude change using 40 individuals. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

A 2 x 2 factorial design was used to study the effects of participant gender and style of persuasion on attitude change using 40 individuals. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.



a. Solomon four-group
b. Latin Square
c. repeated measures
d. IV x PV

Answer: IV x PV

With ____, the results are analyzed as if you had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable, while _____ examines the effect of an independent variable irrespective of the levels of the other independent variable.

With ____, the results are analyzed as if you had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable, while _____ examines the effect of an independent variable irrespective of the levels of the other independent variable.



a. an interaction; a simple main effect
b. a simple main effect; a main effect
c. an interaction; a main effect
d. a main effect; a simple main effect

Answer: a simple main effect; a main effect

A factorial design involves

A factorial design involves



a. manipulating two or more independent variables.
b. having multiple dependent measures.
c. manipulating two or more dependent variables.
d. an inability to specify the overall effect of an independent variable.

Answer: manipulating two or more independent variables.

Which of the following is LEAST correct regarding the effect size? The effect size

Which of the following is LEAST correct regarding the effect size? The effect size



a. is heavily influenced by the sample size.
b. refers to the strength of association between the variables.
c. can indicate small, medium, and large effects.
d. provides a scale of values that is consistent across all types of studies.

Answer: is heavily influenced by the sample size.

A teacher writes the results of a test on the board: 7 students received As, 10 students received Bs, 18 students received Cs, 4 students received Ds, and 1 student received an F. In statistical terms, this is a

A teacher writes the results of a test on the board: 7 students received As, 10 students received Bs, 18 students received Cs, 4 students received Ds, and 1 student received an F. In statistical terms, this is a



a. measure of central tendency.
b. correlation table.
c. frequency distribution.
d. measure of variability.

Answer: frequency distribution.

A researcher studies one group of children when they are 3, 6, and 9 years old and another group of children when they are 9, 12, and 15 years old. The researcher has used the ______ method.

A researcher studies one group of children when they are 3, 6, and 9 years old and another group of children when they are 9, 12, and 15 years old. The researcher has used the ______ method.



a. panel study
b. cross-sectional
c. sequential
d. longitudinal

Answer: sequential

A researcher learns that a program designed to reduce truancy in junior high school students is not successful because the staff has not been adequately trained to deal with truancy. This finding should have occurred in which phase of program evaluation?

A researcher learns that a program designed to reduce truancy in junior high school students is not successful because the staff has not been adequately trained to deal with truancy. This finding should have occurred in which phase of program evaluation?



a. Efficiency assessment
b. Needs assessment
c. Program theory assessment
d. Process evaluation

Answer: Process evaluation

In a program designed to help teenagers gain summer employment, a researcher measures whether or not the program has actually increased the number of teenagers finding jobs. The researcher is involved in which phase of evaluation?

In a program designed to help teenagers gain summer employment, a researcher measures whether or not the program has actually increased the number of teenagers finding jobs. The researcher is involved in which phase of evaluation?



a. Outcome evaluation
b. Process evaluation
c. Needs assessment
d. Efficiency assessment

Answer: Outcome evaluation

Which is the more common method, longitudinal or cross-sectional?

Which is the more common method, longitudinal or cross-sectional?



a. Cross-sectional because the results are obtained over longer periods of time.
b. Longitudinal because it is less expensive.
c. Longitudinal because the results are obtained relatively quickly.
d. Cross-sectional because it is less expensive.

Answer: Cross-sectional because it is less expensive.

Selection differences in the non-equivalent control group design are

Selection differences in the non-equivalent control group design are



a. problematic because they challenge the interval validity of the study.
b. essential to the design because they allow greater differences than the dependent variable.
c. problematic because they challenge the external validity of the study.
d. essential to the design because they enhance the independent variable.

Answer: problematic because they challenge the interval validity of the study

A human resources psychologist is interested in the effect of work schedule on job satisfaction. She compares satisfaction scores of workers who work five 8-hour shifts with workers who work four 10-hour shifts. What type of design has the manager employed?

A human resources psychologist is interested in the effect of work schedule on job satisfaction. She compares satisfaction scores of workers who work five 8-hour shifts with workers who work four 10-hour shifts. What type of design has the manager employed?



a. One-group posttest-only design
b. Non-equivalent pretest-posttest design
c. One-group pretest-posttest design
d. Non-equivalent control group design

Answer: Non-equivalent control group design

A program was designed to address the problem of Venetian refugees in Oak Hills. However, it was discovered that there were no Venetian refugees living in Oak Hills. Had this program been comprehensively evaluated from the start, this fact would have been discovered during a(n) _____ evaluation.

A program was designed to address the problem of Venetian refugees in Oak Hills. However, it was discovered that there were no Venetian refugees living in Oak Hills. Had this program been comprehensively evaluated from the start, this fact would have been discovered during a(n) _____ evaluation.



a. outcome evaluation
b. process evaluation
c. needs assessment
d. efficiency assessment

Answer: needs assessment

In the early stages of a research project, the researcher would want as _____ as possible in order to demonstrate that a relationship between variables exists.

In the early stages of a research project, the researcher would want as _____ as possible in order to demonstrate that a relationship between variables exists.



a. many manipulations
b. weak of a manipulation
c. strong of a manipulation
d. costly of a manipulation

Answer: strong of a manipulation

Participants consume 8, 16, 24, or 32 ounces of alcohol and are then asked to recite the alphabet as quickly as possible. The amount of time it takes the participant to correctly recite the alphabet would be an example of a _____ measure.

Participants consume 8, 16, 24, or 32 ounces of alcohol and are then asked to recite the alphabet as quickly as possible. The amount of time it takes the participant to correctly recite the alphabet would be an example of a _____ measure.



a. behavioural
b. reactive
c. physiological
d. self-report

Answer: behavioural

A researcher conducts his study with a small number of participants in order to reveal whether the instructions and procedures are clearly understood. This procedure is an example of a

A researcher conducts his study with a small number of participants in order to reveal whether the instructions and procedures are clearly understood. This procedure is an example of a



a. manipulation check.
b. demand characteristic.
c. double blind study.
d. pilot study.

Answer: pilot study.

In a study examining the effect of appearance on judgments of criminal behaviour, a researcher asks questions about the surroundings and the victim in order to disguise the dependent measures in the study. These unrelated questions are referred to as

In a study examining the effect of appearance on judgments of criminal behaviour, a researcher asks questions about the surroundings and the victim in order to disguise the dependent measures in the study. These unrelated questions are referred to as



a. task measures.
b. placebo measures.
c. filler items.
d. independent measures.

Answer: filler items.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of staged manipulations? Staged manipulations

Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of staged manipulations? Staged manipulations



a. are used to involve participants in an ongoing social situation that is perceived as real.
b. are easier to interpret than straightforward manipulations.
c. are easier to replicate than straightforward manipulations.
d. allow for less subtle interpersonal communication that can easily be put into words.

Answer: are used to involve participants in an ongoing social situation that is perceived as real.

A researcher designed an experiment to test the effects of a top-secret vitamin supplement on the strength of weight-lifters. Thimble lifting would not be a useful measure of strength because thimble lifting

A researcher designed an experiment to test the effects of a top-secret vitamin supplement on the strength of weight-lifters. Thimble lifting would not be a useful measure of strength because thimble lifting


a. cannot be measured.
b. is not a reliable measure.
c. is not a sensitive measure of strength.
d. is a behavioural measure.

Answer: is not a sensitive measure of strength.

A researcher presents his dog with a bowl of normal dog food and a bowl of vitamin enriched dog food. He then records the amount of each type of food the dog consumes as a measure of his dog's food preference. What kind of measure has the researcher used?

A researcher presents his dog with a bowl of normal dog food and a bowl of vitamin enriched dog food. He then records the amount of each type of food the dog consumes as a measure of his dog's food preference. What kind of measure has the researcher used?



a. Self-report
b. Behavioural
c. Physiological
d. Reactive

Answer: Behavioural

A manipulation check is especially important in studies

A manipulation check is especially important in studies



a. using independent groups.
b. using double-blind procedures.
c. when nonsignificant results are obtained.
d. where demand characteristics are minimal.

Answer: when nonsignificant results are obtained.

A psychologist is interested in the effect of physical attractiveness on ratings of punishment assigned to a driver in an automobile accident. Participants read an account of the accident and received a written description of a physically attractive or unattractive defendant. The manipulation of attractiveness would be an example of a _____ manipulation.

A psychologist is interested in the effect of physical attractiveness on ratings of punishment assigned to a driver in an automobile accident. Participants read an account of the accident and received a written description of a physically attractive or unattractive defendant. The manipulation of attractiveness would be an example of a _____ manipulation.



a. dependent
b. staged
c. straightforward
d. conjunctive

Answer: straightforward

Why would an investigator use more than one dependent measure?

Why would an investigator use more than one dependent measure?



a. It is useful to know if the independent variable affects some measures but not others.
b. It eliminates the problem of demand characteristics.
c. It increases the complexity of the design and looks more impressive.
d. It makes the research study more obviously ethical.

Answer: It is useful to know if the independent variable affects some measures but not others.

Without informing them, a researcher assigns participants to either an experimental or a placebo group. The researcher's assistants who test the participants do not know who belongs in which group. The experiment has used a

Without informing them, a researcher assigns participants to either an experimental or a placebo group. The researcher's assistants who test the participants do not know who belongs in which group. The experiment has used a



a. single-blind technique.
b. strong experimental manipulation.
c. double-blind technique.
d. behavioural measure.

Answer: double-blind technique.

When a researcher submits a paper to a journal for publication, other researchers knowledgeable in the area of research carefully scrutinize the paper and recommend acceptance or rejection. This process is known as

When a researcher submits a paper to a journal for publication, other researchers knowledgeable in the area of research carefully scrutinize the paper and recommend acceptance or rejection. This process is known as



a. correspondence analysis.
b. peer review.
c. a manipulation check.
d. debriefing.

Answer: peer review.

Which of the following physiological measures would you recommend a researcher use to compare brain images between individuals with and without Alzheimer's disease?

Which of the following physiological measures would you recommend a researcher use to compare brain images between individuals with and without Alzheimer's disease?



a. EMG (electromyogram)
b. EEG (electroencephalogram)
c. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
d. GSR (galvanic skin response)

Answer: MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A researcher wants to find out whether campers prefer cotton or nylon sleeping bags. A troop of boy campers tried cotton and a troop of girl campers tried nylon sleeping bags. The sleeping bags were rated for softness and warmth. The confounding variable is

A researcher wants to find out whether campers prefer cotton or nylon sleeping bags. A troop of boy campers tried cotton and a troop of girl campers tried nylon sleeping bags. The sleeping bags were rated for softness and warmth. The confounding variable is



a. cotton or nylon material.
b. campsite.
c. softness.
d. gender of camper.

Answer: gender of camper.

A developmental psychologist measures aggressive behaviour in a group of second-grade children before and then again after viewing an aggressive cartoon. This design would best represent a(n) _______ design.

A developmental psychologist measures aggressive behaviour in a group of second-grade children before and then again after viewing an aggressive cartoon. This design would best represent a(n) _______ design.



a. independent groups
b. random time series
c. Solomon four-group
d. repeated measures

Answer: repeated measures

Which one of the following accurately describes a disadvantage of specifically using a pretest-posttest design?

Which one of the following accurately describes a disadvantage of specifically using a pretest-posttest design?



a. This design does not allow you to rule out regression effects.
b. If participants drop out, you no longer have equal groups.
c. A pretest introduces a new confound of participant mortality.
d. A pretest can sensitize the participants to the manipulation.

Answer: A pretest can sensitize the participants to the manipulation.

Participants solve several anagram puzzles over the course of 30 minutes. Even though the puzzles were known to be of equal difficulty, participants solved the puzzles in less and less time as the 30-minute period progressed. This is likely the result of a _____ effect.

Participants solve several anagram puzzles over the course of 30 minutes. Even though the puzzles were known to be of equal difficulty, participants solved the puzzles in less and less time as the 30-minute period progressed. This is likely the result of a _____ effect.



a. fatigue
b. practice
c. contrast
d. boredom

Answer: practice

In testing the effect of noise on performance of a task, Ernie tests half of the participants in a cool, comfortable, quiet room, and the other half in a hot, noisy room. Ernie's failure to control for temperature of the room may result in a(n)

In testing the effect of noise on performance of a task, Ernie tests half of the participants in a cool, comfortable, quiet room, and the other half in a hot, noisy room. Ernie's failure to control for temperature of the room may result in a(n)



a. externally valid study.
b. internally valid study.
c. confound.
d. interaction.

Answer: confound.

When a confound is discovered in an experiment,

When a confound is discovered in an experiment,


a. internal validity is challenged.
b. external validity is challenged.
c. external validity can be assumed.
d. internal validity can be assumed.

Answer: internal validity is challenged.

A Latin Square design is used when

A Latin Square design is used when



a. the independent groups are too costly.
b. repeated measures cannot be used.
c. complete counterbalancing requires too many conditions.
d. multiple baselines must be observed.

Answer: complete counterbalancing requires too many conditions.

A researcher wants to examine the effect of room temperature on task performance. She places one group of participants in a room that is 54 degrees, a second group in a room that is 72 degrees, and a third in a room that is 90 degrees. She then measures the amount of time it takes each group to complete an identical task. This design would best represent a(n) _______ design.

A researcher wants to examine the effect of room temperature on task performance. She places one group of participants in a room that is 54 degrees, a second group in a room that is 72 degrees, and a third in a room that is 90 degrees. She then measures the amount of time it takes each group to complete an identical task. This design would best represent a(n) _______ design.



a. repeated measures
b. three-group pretest-posttest
c. independent groups
d. pretest-posttest

Answer: independent groups

Gabriel measures participants on a variable of interest and rank orders them according to their scores. He then places them in pairs in which each member has approximately the same score as the other member in the pair. The members of each pair are then randomly assigned to the conditions in the experiment. Gabriel's method of participant assignment is an example of a _____ design.

Gabriel measures participants on a variable of interest and rank orders them according to their scores. He then places them in pairs in which each member has approximately the same score as the other member in the pair. The members of each pair are then randomly assigned to the conditions in the experiment. Gabriel's method of participant assignment is an example of a _____ design. 



a. Latin Square
b. repeated measures
c. posttest only
d. matched pairs

Answer: matched pairs

When individuals participate in only one condition, it is a(n) _____ design. When individuals participate in all conditions, it is a(n) _____ design.

When individuals participate in only one condition, it is a(n) _____ design. When individuals participate in all conditions, it is a(n) _____ design.



a. pretest-posttest; posttest only
b. posttest only; pretest-posttest
c. independent groups; repeated measures
d. repeated measures; independent groups

Answer: independent groups; repeated measures

One problem with the pretest-posttest design is that

One problem with the pretest-posttest design is that



a. the pretest may sensitize participants to the true purpose of the experiment.
b. pretests typically confuse participants.
c. participants cannot be randomly assigned to groups.
d. twice the number of participants will be required.

Answer: the pretest may sensitize participants to the true purpose of the experiment.

Improvement of performance as a result of repeated exposure to a task is referred to as a _____ effect. However, deterioration of performance as a result of repeated exposure to a task is referred to as a _____ effect.

Improvement of performance as a result of repeated exposure to a task is referred to as a _____ effect. However, deterioration of performance as a result of repeated exposure to a task is referred to as a _____ effect.



a. reactive; non-reactive
b. fatigue; practice
c. practice; contrast
d. practice; fatigue

Answer: practice; fatigue

Jesse states that in his experiment, he has counterbalanced his conditions. What does this mean?

Jesse states that in his experiment, he has counterbalanced his conditions. What does this mean?



a. He has an equal number of participants in all conditions.
b. All participants are exposed to all conditions.
c. All possible orders of presentation of conditions are presented.
d. Conditions are presented in a fixed order.

Answer: All possible orders of presentation of conditions are presented.

In order to examine environmental factors that influence alcohol consumption, Henry asks the same set of participants to come to the laboratory on several consecutive occasions and fill out a questionnaire before drinking any alcohol. Henry finds that over time, fewer and fewer participants show up to fill out the questionnaire. This lack of continued participant involvement is an example of a _____ problem.

In order to examine environmental factors that influence alcohol consumption, Henry asks the same set of participants to come to the laboratory on several consecutive occasions and fill out a questionnaire before drinking any alcohol. Henry finds that over time, fewer and fewer participants show up to fill out the questionnaire. This lack of continued participant involvement is an example of a _____ problem.



a. testing
b. mortality
c. regression toward the mean
d. selection

Answer: mortality

An investigator wants to see whether packaging information affects the way people rate breakfast cereal. The same cereal is put in three packages: (a) a brown box that says, "To start your day off with a smile"; (b) a yellow box that says, "For extra energy all day"; and (c) a white box that says, "Fortified with B complex and iron." In this study the

An investigator wants to see whether packaging information affects the way people rate breakfast cereal. The same cereal is put in three packages: (a) a brown box that says, "To start your day off with a smile"; (b) a yellow box that says, "For extra energy all day"; and (c) a white box that says, "Fortified with B complex and iron." In this study the



a. kind of cereal is confounded with colour of the box.
b. package information is confounded with colour of the box.
c. package information is confounded with colour blindness.
d. package information is confounded with kind of cereal.

Answer: package information is confounded with colour of the box.

A matched pairs design is used when

A matched pairs design is used when



a. a nonexperimental design restricts the population of participants.
b. it is too expensive to use simple random assignment.
c. an investigator wants to "match" participants on two variables.
d. a researcher wants to ensure that independent groups are equivalent on some participant characteristic.

Answer: a researcher wants to ensure that independent groups are equivalent on some participant characteristic.

If you want to assess political allegiances amongst registered voters in Vancouver classified by social class and age, you might randomly select voters from each subgroup according to their proportion in the entire city. This sampling technique is called ________ sampling.

If you want to assess political allegiances amongst registered voters in Vancouver classified by social class and age, you might randomly select voters from each subgroup according to their proportion in the entire city. This sampling technique is called ________ sampling.



a. simple random
b. stratified random
c. cluster
d. quota

Answer: stratified random

Which of the following behaviours would a researcher be least likely to do to increase response rates when employing telephone or mail surveys?

Which of the following behaviours would a researcher be least likely to do to increase response rates when employing telephone or mail surveys?



a. Send a follow-up reminder
b. Offer an incentive for participating
c. Attempt to convince people of the importance of the survey and their participation
d. Ask a respondent to call the researcher back

Answer: Ask a respondent to call the researcher back

Students are asked to evaluate the food sold in the university cafeteria on 7-point scales with bipolar adjectives such as poor-good and inexpensive-expensive. These measures represent what type of scale?

Students are asked to evaluate the food sold in the university cafeteria on 7-point scales with bipolar adjectives such as poor-good and inexpensive-expensive. These measures represent what type of scale?



a. Comparative rating
b. Labeled response alternatives
c. Graphic rating
d. Semantic differential

Answer: Semantic differential

Asking participants in a survey if they agree with the statement "I like spending my free time with other people" and later in the survey asking in they agree with the statement "I enjoy being alone during my free time" will help in identifying

Asking participants in a survey if they agree with the statement "I like spending my free time with other people" and later in the survey asking in they agree with the statement "I enjoy being alone during my free time" will help in identifying



a. loaded questions.
b. double-barreled questions.
c. negative wording.
d. response sets.

Answer: response sets.

A researcher wants to study math achievement in sixth graders. The researcher obtains a list of all elementary school districts in the province, randomly selects 5 percent of the districts, and administers achievement tests to all sixth graders in these districts. This sampling method is called ________ sampling.

A researcher wants to study math achievement in sixth graders. The researcher obtains a list of all elementary school districts in the province, randomly selects 5 percent of the districts, and administers achievement tests to all sixth graders in these districts. This sampling method is called ________ sampling.



a. quota
b. cluster
c. stratified random
d. convenience

Answer: cluster

In a naturalistic observation, which of the following data-collection techniques would a researcher be least likely to employ?

In a naturalistic observation, which of the following data-collection techniques would a researcher be least likely to employ?



a. Use audio and videotape recordings
b. Talking with key informants
c. Record how people respond to environmental settings manipulated by the researcher
d. Observation of people and events

Answer: Record how people respond to environmental settings manipulated by the researcher

In developing coding systems, they should

In developing coding systems, they should



a. be as simple as possible.
b. be as complex as possible.
c. include only nonverbal behaviours.
d. not place behaviours into categories.

Answer: be as simple as possible.

What is a major distinction between quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods? Quantitative techniques use ____ while qualitative techniques involve _____.

What is a major distinction between quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods? Quantitative techniques use ____ while qualitative techniques involve _____.



a. correlational methods; experimental methods
b. experimental methods; correlational methods
c. numerical descriptions; verbal descriptions
d. verbal descriptions; numerical descriptions

Answer: numerical descriptions; verbal descriptions

A researcher conducted an in-depth examination of Jack the Ripper and concluded that there are three possible reasons for why he became a mass murderer. This research approach is an example of a

A researcher conducted an in-depth examination of Jack the Ripper and concluded that there are three possible reasons for why he became a mass murderer. This research approach is an example of a



a. field experiment.
b. psychobiography.
c. naturalistic observation.
d. systematic biography.

Answer: psychobiography.

James analyzed data from the General Social Survey (GSS) by Statistics Canada in order to examine the relationship between education and life satisfaction. This research approach may best be categorized as a

James analyzed data from the General Social Survey (GSS) by Statistics Canada in order to examine the relationship between education and life satisfaction. This research approach may best be categorized as a




a. survey archive.
b. naturalistic observation.
c. systematic observation.
d. content analysis.

Answer: survey archive.

The goal of naturalistic observation is to

The goal of naturalistic observation is to



a. test theoretical hypotheses.
b. get quick answers to theoretical questions.
c. describe in detail people's behaviour in a particular setting or situation.
d. conduct experiments in real, rather than artificial, environments.

Answer: describe in detail people's behaviour in a particular setting or situation.

Luis studies a newspaper's attitudes towards candidates for the position of Police Chief by counting the number of positive and negative comments attributed to each candidate. Luis's research approach is an example of a

Luis studies a newspaper's attitudes towards candidates for the position of Police Chief by counting the number of positive and negative comments attributed to each candidate. Luis's research approach is an example of a



a. statistical record.
b. content analysis.
c. survey archive.
d. psychobiography.

Answer: content analysis.

Which of the following mechanisms of forgetting has the least evidence that it occurs?

Which of the following mechanisms of forgetting has the least evidence that it occurs?




a. proactive interference - old memories interfere with new memories
b. decay - memories fade with the passing of time
c. amnesia - forgetting caused by injury or disease to the brain
d. cue dependence - retrieval failure is due to lack of cues


Answer: B. Decay - Memories fade with the passing of time

In a study by Jenkins and Dallenbach (1924), students who slept during the time between learning new information and testing remembered better than those who remained awake. The study supported the idea that forgetting is due to ________ .

In a study by Jenkins and Dallenbach (1924), students who slept during the time between learning new information and testing remembered better than those who remained awake. The study supported the idea that forgetting is due to ________ .




a. motivated forgetting
b. proactive interference
c. retroactive interference
d. decay


Answer: C. Retroactive Interference

What does the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve show?

What does the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve show?




a. Meaningful information is retained in memory nine times longer than meaningless information.
b. Little if anything is really forgotten.
c. The rate of memory decay is constant over time.
d. Most forgetting occurs rapidly and is followed by a more gradual decline.


Answer: D. Most forgetting occurs rapidly and is followed by a more gradual decline.

Roderick was hit so hard when he caught the winning touchdown pass on the last play of the game that he was knocked out. When he regained consciousness, he was unable to remember any of the game. Roderick is suffering from ________ .

Roderick was hit so hard when he caught the winning touchdown pass on the last play of the game that he was knocked out. When he regained consciousness, he was unable to remember any of the game. Roderick is suffering from ________ .




a. retrograde amnesia
b. proactive interference
c. anterograde amnesia
d. retroactive interference


Answer: A. Retrograde Amnesia

In an experiment, Loftus and Palmer (1974) asked students to watch a video of a car accident. Some students were asked to estimate the speed of the cars as they "smashed" into each other; others were asked the speed of the cars when they "contacted" each other. Which students were likely to remember seeing broken glass?

In an experiment, Loftus and Palmer (1974) asked students to watch a video of a car accident. Some students were asked to estimate the speed of the cars as they "smashed" into each other; others were asked the speed of the cars when they "contacted" each other. Which students were likely to remember seeing broken glass?




a. neither group because there wasn't really any broken glass in the film
b. both groups because broken glass is part of the schema for car accident
c. only those given the smashed wording
d. only those given the contacted wording


Answer: C. Only those given the smashed wording

Memory researchers believe that most, if not all, forgetting is caused by

Memory researchers believe that most, if not all, forgetting is caused by




a. encoding failure - the memories were never stored in the first place.
b. failure to access the right retrieval cues.
c. repression.
d. decay.


Answer: B. Failure to access the right retrieval cues

What is the advantage of schema-based remembering?

What is the advantage of schema-based remembering?




a. It helps fill in the gaps with fuzzy or incomplete recollections.
b. It helps make eyewitness testimony more reliable.
c. It makes memories more accurate.
d. It makes us less susceptible to misinformation.


Answer: A. It helps fill in the gaps with fuzzy or incomplete recollections.

Assuming you have already read the chapter, which of the following is the best strategy for preparing for a multiple-choice exam?

Assuming you have already read the chapter, which of the following is the best strategy for preparing for a multiple-choice exam?




a. Practice answering multiple-choice questions from a study guide.

b. Study the important parts you highlighted when you read through the chapter the first time.

c. Read through the chapter another time to make sure you are thoroughly familiar with material.

d. Make up and answer questions relevant to the material.


Answer: A. Practice answering multiple-choice questions from a study guide.

Mason amazes his classmates by giving his speech without notes. He does this by mentally attaching the main points to object in his house and then imagining walking through his house while giving a speech. He is using an ancient mnemonic device called ________ .

Mason amazes his classmates by giving his speech without notes. He does this by mentally attaching the main points to object in his house and then imagining walking through his house while giving a speech. He is using an ancient mnemonic device called ________ .




a. the method of loci
b. the peg word method
c. the serial position effect
d. encoding by meaning

Answer: A. The Method of Loci

During the drive home from work, Gary's wife calls and asks him to stop at the grocery store and pick up the following list of items: milk, bananas, eggs, juice, apples, cheese, tea, yogurt, bread. Gary arrives home with six of the items. Which three is he most likely to have forgotten?

During the drive home from work, Gary's wife calls and asks him to stop at the grocery store and pick up the following list of items: milk, bananas, eggs, juice, apples, cheese, tea, yogurt, bread. Gary arrives home with six of the items. Which three is he most likely to have forgotten?




a. milk, bananas, bread
b. milk, bananas, eggs
c. juice, apples, cheese
d. tea, yogurt, bread


Answer: C. Juice, Apples, Cheese

Although Ken has been tying his own shoes every day for the past 30 years, he is having a hard time describing how to do it to his four-year-old daughter Kendra. His difficulty is because ________ memory is inaccessible to conscious awareness.

Although Ken has been tying his own shoes every day for the past 30 years, he is having a hard time describing how to do it to his four-year-old daughter Kendra. His difficulty is because ________ memory is inaccessible to conscious awareness.




a. expert
b. semantic
c. episodic
d. procedural


Answer: D. Procedural

In the Peterson distractor task, people are asked to recall a short list of three letters after delays ranging from 3 to 18 seconds. They were asked to count backward by threes during the delay. What does this test measure?

In the Peterson distractor task, people are asked to recall a short list of three letters after delays ranging from 3 to 18 seconds. They were asked to count backward by threes during the delay. What does this test measure?




a. sensory register capacity
b. the duration of short-term memory
c. long-term potentiation
d. the capacity of short-term memory


Answer: B. The duration of short term memory

Red-winged blackbirds will refuse to eat a particular food if they observe another bird become ill after eating the food. This shows that animals are capable of ________ .

Red-winged blackbirds will refuse to eat a particular food if they observe another bird become ill after eating the food. This shows that animals are capable of ________ .




a. trial-and-error learning
b. rational thought
c. operant learning
d. observational learning


Answer: D. Observational Learning

Mirror neurons in the brain allow us to

Mirror neurons in the brain allow us to




a. experience déjà vu.
b. recognize ourselves in the mirror.
c. learn by observation.
d. use parallel processing.


Answer: C. Learn by observation

When animal trainers Keller and Marion Breland tried to train a raccoon to drop a coin into a piggy bank, the animal would "wash" the coin instead. The difficulties the Brelands had in applying operant principles to animals demonstrate that

When animal trainers Keller and Marion Breland tried to train a raccoon to drop a coin into a piggy bank, the animal would "wash" the coin instead. The difficulties the Brelands had in applying operant principles to animals demonstrate that


a. training with operant methods is largely ineffective.

b. there are biological constraints on learning.

c. the basic learning principles are different in humans and animals.

d. raccoons and humans did not have a common ancestor, proving that the theory of evolution is wrong.


Answer: B. There are biological constraints on learning.

Camila studies more as her exam approaches because she wants to earn an A in the class. Brianna studies to avoid failing the class. Camila is motivated by ________ while Brianna is motivated by ________ .

Camila studies more as her exam approaches because she wants to earn an A in the class. Brianna studies to avoid failing the class. Camila is motivated by ________ while Brianna is motivated by ________ .




a. positive punishment; negative reinforcement

b. positive punishment; negative punishment

c. positive reinforcement; positive punishment

d. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement


Answer: C. Positive Reinforcement; Positive Punishment

Which of the following is an operant response?

Which of the following is an operant response?




a. A dog learns to roll over to earn a treat.

b. A child wants Sugar-O's cereal after seeing commercials for it during Saturday morning cartoons.

c. A child hits a "Bobo" doll in imitation of an older child.

d. Learning to blink at the sound of a tone that has been followed by a puff of air to the eye.


Answer: A. A dog learns to roll over to earn a treat

Which of the following will lead to the strongest conditioning?

Which of the following will lead to the strongest conditioning?




a. The conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented at the same time.

b. The conditioned stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus.

c. The unconditioned stimulus is presented just before the conditioned stimulus.

d. A second stimulus is presented at the same time as an already existing conditioned stimulus for extra clarity.


Answer: B. The conditioned stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus.

When Sofia got married, her new husband's snoring kept her awake. Now that she has been married for five years, it doesn't bother her and she scarcely notices it any more. Her diminished response to her husband's snoring is ________ .

When Sofia got married, her new husband's snoring kept her awake. Now that she has been married for five years, it doesn't bother her and she scarcely notices it any more. Her diminished response to her husband's snoring is ________ .




a. habituation
b. sensitization
c. the law of diminishing returns
d. systematic desensitization


Answer: A. Habituation

Which of the following is NOT an example of learning?

Which of the following is NOT an example of learning?




a. Bud, the family dog, gets excited when he hears his leash rattle as it's taken off the hook.

b. During dinner, Bud the family dog waits under four-year-old Emma's chair for crumbs to fall.

c. At age three, Emma could not reach the light, but at age four, she can turn it on by herself.

d. Emma decides not to color on the wall after watching her sister get a time-out for doing so.


Answer: C. At age three, Emma could not reach the light, but at age four, she can turn it on by herself.

Which of the following statements about hypnosis is true?

Which of the following statements about hypnosis is true?




a. Major surgeries can be performed in some people using hypnosis as the primary anesthesia.

b. Forgotten memories can be recovered and accurately enhanced using hypnosis.

c. The brain waves of hypnotized subjects are similar to those of a person in a deep sleep.

d. People who are highly susceptible to hypnosis tend to be weak willed and conforming.


Answer: A. Major surgeries can be performed in some people using hypnosis as the primary anesthesia.

Which of the following is a parasomnia?

Which of the following is a parasomnia?




a. narcolepsy
b. sleep apnea
c. night terrors
d. hypersomnia


Answer: C. Night Terrors

According to the activation-synthesis model, dreams

According to the activation-synthesis model, dreams




a. are a psychological mechanism of wish fulfillment.

b. are the royal road to the unconscious.

c. have symbolic meaning.

d. are caused by random activity in the brain.


Answer: D. Are caused by random activity in the brain

When a rat is completely deprived of sleep for three weeks,

When a rat is completely deprived of sleep for three weeks,




a. it will have a long REM recovery.

b. it will become extremely aggressive.

c. it will almost certainly die.

d. no maze learning will occur for the three-week period.


Answer: C. It will almost certainly die

In a car accident, Alex suffered damage to the right parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex. Now he shows some odd behaviors like only shaving the right side of his face. As his doctor, what would you suspect is his diagnosis?

In a car accident, Alex suffered damage to the right parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex. Now he shows some odd behaviors like only shaving the right side of his face. As his doctor, what would you suspect is his diagnosis?




a. schizophrenia
b. ADHD
c. dissociative fugue
d. visual neglect


Answer: D. Visual Neglect

How much does talking on a cell phone increase the risk of an accident?

How much does talking on a cell phone increase the risk of an accident?




a. about the same as conversing with someone in the car

b. to levels similar to a person with a blood-alcohol level above the legal limit

c. very little in experienced drivers because automaticity is achieved

d. not much, as long as a hands-free model is used


Answer: B. To levels similar to a person with a blood-alcohol level above the legal limit

Which of the following illustrates the cocktail party effect?

Which of the following illustrates the cocktail party effect?


a. People tend to speak more loudly after drinking alcohol.

b. People who frequent parties have more, but shallower friendships.

c. Men find women more attractive after they've been drinking alcohol.

d. You hear someone say your name over the din of a noisy party.


Answer: D. You hear someone say your name over the din of a noisy party.

In a psychology study, Kurt listens to spoken messages presented individually to each ear through headphones. He is unable to remember the content of a message in his right ear while repeating a message sent to his left ear. The researchers are utilizing a research technique called ________ .

In a psychology study, Kurt listens to spoken messages presented individually to each ear through headphones. He is unable to remember the content of a message in his right ear while repeating a message sent to his left ear. The researchers are utilizing a research technique called ________ .


a. activation synthesis
b. the cocktail party effect
c. dichotic listening
d. automaticity


Answer: C. Dichotic Listening

When Aiden moved to downtown Chicago, the constant street noise kept him awake. After a few nights, however, he was able to fall asleep easily. What psychological concept best accounts for this change?

When Aiden moved to downtown Chicago, the constant street noise kept him awake. After a few nights, however, he was able to fall asleep easily. What psychological concept best accounts for this change?




a. an improvement in correct rejections in his signal detection

b. Weber's law

c. an increase in his difference threshold

d. sensory adaptation


Answer: D. Sensory Adaptation

A weightlifter can just barely notice the difference between 30 and 31 pound dumbbells when doing curls. How much would you have to add to his 300 pound barbell for him to notice the difference when he does bench press?

A weightlifter can just barely notice the difference between 30 and 31 pound dumbbells when doing curls. How much would you have to add to his 300 pound barbell for him to notice the difference when he does bench press?




a. 100 pounds
b. 1 pound
c. 10 pounds
d. Any difference would be noticeable since 300 pounds is probably close to his max.


Answer: C. 10 Pounds

What is the difference between taste and flavor?

What is the difference between taste and flavor?


a. Taste refers specifically to the sensations produced by the taste buds, while flavor describes the experience that includes the taste and smell of food.

b. Taste describes an experience that includes the texture and smell of food, while flavor refers specifically to the sensations produced by the taste buds.

c. Taste and flavor are both synonyms for the technical term gustation.

d. Taste only includes sweet, salt, sour, and bitter, while flavor also includes umami.


Answer: A. Taste refers specifically to the sensations produced by the taste buds, while flavor describes the experience that includes the taste and smell of food.

According to gate control theory,

According to gate control theory,




a. the brain can block pain signals from reaching higher neural centers.

b. the brain reduces pain by releasing endorphins.

c. pain is weakness leaving the body.

d. pain is only a perception because there are no pain receptors.


Answer: A. The brain can block pain signals from reaching higher neural centers.

Why is it that a very dim star disappears when you look directly at it, but you can see it by looking slightly away from it?

Why is it that a very dim star disappears when you look directly at it, but you can see it by looking slightly away from it?


a. Rods are concentrated in the fovea, and cones are concentrated in peripheral vision.

b. You have a blind spot in the very center of your vision.

c. There is a higher concentration of receptors in the fovea, which is just outside the center of your vision.

d. Cones are concentrated in the fovea, and rods are concentrated in peripheral vision.


Answer: D. Cones are concentrated in the fovea, and rods are concentrated in peripheral vision

How is focusing accomplished in the human eye?

How is focusing accomplished in the human eye?




a. by using monocular cues such as linear perspective

b. by moving the retina to adjust the distance between the lens and retina

c. by comparing the slightly different images from the two eyes and adjusting accordingly

d. by changing the shape of the lens


Answer: D. By changing the shape of the lens

Which of the following statements regarding day care is true?

Which of the following statements regarding day care is true?




a. Children who go to day care centers are better socialized and show fewer problem behaviors.

b. Children who go to day care centers where the staff have college training in child development show higher levels of cognitive development.

c. It is best to avoid sending your child to day care due to consistent negative effects on social and mental development.

d. Vocabulary suffers even in children who go to high-quality day care.


Answer: B. Children who go to day care centers where the staff have college training in child development show higher levels of cognitive development.

In the strange situation test, 12-month-old Tia plays happily while her mother is in the room, gets upset when her mother leaves, and calms down quickly when her mother returns. Tia would be classified as having a ________ attachment style.

In the strange situation test, 12-month-old Tia plays happily while her mother is in the room, gets upset when her mother leaves, and calms down quickly when her mother returns. Tia would be classified as having a ________ attachment style.




a. avoidant
b. secure
c. resistant
d. disorganized/disoriented


Answer: B. Secure

Before having solid food, how will an infant respond to a drop of lemon juice put in her mouth?

Before having solid food, how will an infant respond to a drop of lemon juice put in her mouth?




a. She will smile because babies have a preference for novelty.

b. She will respond with a curious expression and develop a preference for that taste.

c. She will grimace because the reaction is present at birth.

d. She will not respond because she has no experience with food yet.


Answer: C. She will grimace because the reaction is present at birth.

The first time baby Huey was shown a picture of a moose, he looked at it for 15 seconds. On the 20th time he is shown the moose, what will his response be if he demonstrates habituation?

The first time baby Huey was shown a picture of a moose, he looked at it for 15 seconds. On the 20th time he is shown the moose, what will his response be if he demonstrates habituation?




a. He will continue to look at it for about 15 seconds before looking away.

b. He will look at it for more than 15 seconds.

c. He will only glance at it briefly before looking away.

d. He will not look at it at all.


Answer: C. He will only glance at it briefly before looking away.

Although our brains lose neurons as we age,

Although our brains lose neurons as we age,




a. only half of people at age 65 show signs of dementia.

b. reaction times continue to improve until the 60s.

c. the remaining neurons sometimes increase in complexity.

d. brain exercises have been found to replace the lost neurons.


Answer: C. The remaining neurons sometimes increase in complexity.

Which of these findings highlights the importance of nurture to development?

Which of these findings highlights the importance of nurture to development?




a. The nervous system matures in a down-and-out fashion-from the head down and from the center out.

b. Rats raised in enriched environments develop more complex and better functioning brain tissue than rats raised in barren environments.

c. Hopi babies, who are traditionally bound to cradle boards for much of their first year of life, show no delays in walking.

d. A human newborn's brain is about 25% of the size of an adult's, but a newborn chimpanzee's is about 60%.


Answer: B. Rats raised in enriched environments develop more complex and better functioning brain tissue than rats raised in barren environments.

The finding that women who experience morning sickness are less likely to suffer miscarriages suggests

The finding that women who experience morning sickness are less likely to suffer miscarriages suggests




a. that pregnant women who don't get a hangover after drinking are at higher risk of having a child with fetal alcohol syndrome.

b. that women who don't experience morning sickness have high risk pregnancies and should receive higher level diagnostic tests, including a level 2 ultrasound.

c. that morning sickness may be a natural defense against the influence of teratogens.

d. that pregnant women who get a hangover after drinking have a lower risk of having a child with fetal alcohol syndrome.


Answer: C. That morning sickness may be a natural defense against the influence of teratogens.

Evolutionary psychologists believe that adaptation through natural selection occurs with psychological traits just as it does with physical characteristics. To be considered an adaptation, a trait must satisfy three criteria. Which of the following is NOT one of these criteria?

Evolutionary psychologists believe that adaptation through natural selection occurs with psychological traits just as it does with physical characteristics. To be considered an adaptation, a trait must satisfy three criteria. Which of the following is NOT one of these criteria?




a. The trait must vary among members of the species.

b. The trait must help individuals to survive or reproduce.

c. The trait must be inheritable.

d. The trait must continue to mutate.


Answer: D. The trait must continue to mutate.

How does the nervous system control the endocrine system?

How does the nervous system control the endocrine system?




a. The hippocampus controls the pituitary.

b. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary.

c. The pituitary controls the hippocampus.

d. The pituitary controls the hypothalamus.


Answer: B. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary.

What is a reasonable explanation for the finding that artists and architects are proportionately more likely to be left handed?

What is a reasonable explanation for the finding that artists and architects are proportionately more likely to be left handed?




a. The left hemisphere, which usually plays a more important role in spatial tasks, is dominant in left-handed people.

b. Right-handed people are less able to access their right hemispheres.

c. Right-handed people are less able to access their left hemispheres.

d. The right hemisphere, which usually plays a more important role in spatial tasks, is dominant in left-handed people.


Answer: D. The right hemisphere, which usually plays a more important role in spatial tasks, is dominant in left-handed people.

A woman was in a car accident and suffered an injury to her head. Although a three-dimensional image of her brain is needed to help decide what treatment would be best, any method using chemicals or radiation cannot be used because she is pregnant. As her doctor, what type of scan would you recommend?

A woman was in a car accident and suffered an injury to her head. Although a three-dimensional image of her brain is needed to help decide what treatment would be best, any method using chemicals or radiation cannot be used because she is pregnant. As her doctor, what type of scan would you recommend?



a. a PET scan
b. a CT scan
c. an MRI
d. an EEG


Answer: C. an MRI

Which of the following is NOT true regarding reasons for using animals in research?

Which of the following is NOT true regarding reasons for using animals in research?



a. There are few guidelines for animal research.

b. Animal research allows for a level of control impossible in human studies.

c. Life-span studies that would take 80 years with people can be accomplished in a few years with animals.

d. Animal studies often lead to breakthroughs in human problems.


Answer: A. There are few guidelines for animal research.

After a study is over, when is it okay to not tell participants about any deception that was used during the study?

After a study is over, when is it okay to not tell participants about any deception that was used during the study?



a. It is never okay. The full nature of any deception should be disclosed.

b. As long as confidentiality is maintained, it is not necessary to disclose the deception.

c. If it is more convenient for the researchers and no harm was done anyway.

d. It is okay only when the risk of telling participants is likely to cause more anxiety than not telling them.


Answer: A. It is never okay. The full nature of any deception should be disclosed.

In order to control all possible confounding variables, Dr. Jackman runs her study in a laboratory using a computer simulation. This increases ________ at the possible cost of losing ________ .

In order to control all possible confounding variables, Dr. Jackman runs her study in a laboratory using a computer simulation. This increases ________ at the possible cost of losing ________ .




a. random assignment; random selection

b. internal validity; external validity

c. external validity; internal validity

d. placebo control; informed consent


Answer: B. Internal Validity; External Validity

Researchers want to see of increasing blood sugar will improve memory function in senior citizens. To test this, they give a group of elderly people lemonade made with either sugar or a non-caloric sweetener followed by a memory test. In this study, what is the dependent variable?

Researchers want to see of increasing blood sugar will improve memory function in senior citizens. To test this, they give a group of elderly people lemonade made with either sugar or a non-caloric sweetener followed by a memory test. In this study, what is the dependent variable?



a. scores on the memory test
b. the people given the lemonade made with sugar
c. the presence of sugar in the lemonade
d. the age of the participants


Answer: A. Scores on the memory test

Dr. Jenkins wants to see if specific goals lead to better performance than "do your best" goals. To test this, he goes to a 5K running race to recruit participants. He asks some racers to try for a specific time that is difficult but possible for them and others to do their very best. On average, those with the specific goals run faster than those trying to do their best. What is the independent variable in this example?

Dr. Jenkins wants to see if specific goals lead to better performance than "do your best" goals. To test this, he goes to a 5K running race to recruit participants. He asks some racers to try for a specific time that is difficult but possible for them and others to do their very best. On average, those with the specific goals run faster than those trying to do their best. What is the independent variable in this example?




a. the type of goal set-specific or "do your best"
b. the faster times in the specific goals group
c. the group that set specific goals
d. race times


Answer: A. The type of goal set-specific or "do your best"

Why is it not possible to determine causality from a correlation?

Why is it not possible to determine causality from a correlation?




a. The correlation proves that there is a causal effect, but you can't know which one causes the other.

b. Correlational studies lack a large enough N, or number of subjects to show causation.

c. There could be a third variable causing both.

d. It is possible, but only if it is a positive correlation.


Answer: C. There could be a third variable causing both.

Suppose you calculate a correlation coefficient of -0.46 for the relationship between college grades and time spent partying. Which of these is the most accurate interpretation of this finding?

Suppose you calculate a correlation coefficient of -0.46 for the relationship between college grades and time spent partying. Which of these is the most accurate interpretation of this finding?




a. When people get low grades, they often party more to increase their self-esteem.

b. The more time spent partying, the lower the GPA.

c. Partying too much causes people to get lower grades.

d. People who get high grades don't have time to party very much.


Answer: B. The more time spent partying, the lower the GPA.

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory was based primarily on descriptive data from a few case studies. Critics question how well the experiences of these unusual individuals represent others. The concern referred to is that this type of research may lack ________ .

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory was based primarily on descriptive data from a few case studies. Critics question how well the experiences of these unusual individuals represent others. The concern referred to is that this type of research may lack ________ .




a. standardization
b. reactivity
c. random assignment
d. external validity


Answer: D. External Validity

Dr. Gerard determines psychology class grades solely by the percentage of items answered correctly on the tests. She says she would be thrilled to give everyone in the class "As" if they could achieve a 90% average on the tests. What type of grading technique does Dr. G. use?

Dr. Gerard determines psychology class grades solely by the percentage of items answered correctly on the tests. She says she would be thrilled to give everyone in the class "As" if they could achieve a 90% average on the tests. What type of grading technique does Dr. G. use?




a. absolute grading
b. liberal grading
c. grading on a curve
d. relative grading


Answer: A. Absolute grading

Although most journalists make a modest living, a few working in the biggest markets earn huge salaries in the millions of dollars. Due to its sensitivity to these outliers, the ________ is misleading and a better representation of journalist's salaries would be ________ income.

Although most journalists make a modest living, a few working in the biggest markets earn huge salaries in the millions of dollars. Due to its sensitivity to these outliers, the ________ is misleading and a better representation of journalist's salaries would be ________ income.




a. mean; standardized
b. mean; median
c. median; mean
d. mode; mean


Answer: B. Mean; Median

Which of the following is the best operational definition of a good student?

Which of the following is the best operational definition of a good student?



a. A good student is one who has a GPA of 3.0 or better.

b. A good student is one who rarely misses class.

c. A good student participates in classroom discussions.

d. A good student studies every day.


Answer: A. A good student is one who has a GPA of 3.0 or better.

Which of the following was NOT a factor in psychology's cognitive revolution?

Which of the following was NOT a factor in psychology's cognitive revolution?



a. the development of the computer, which became a model of the human mind

b. B. F. Skinner's admission that behaviorism had reached its limits

c. improved research techniques that allowed researchers to infer mental processes from observable behavior

d. Advances in technology that allowed researchers to directly measure the activity of brain cells


Answer: B. B. F. Skinner's admission that behaviorism had reached its limits

Dr. Jacobs is a clinical psychologist who uses a combination of different techniques depending on the problem her client is dealing with. For example, she treats phobias behaviorally, uses both cognitive and behavioral techniques with depression, and utilizes a systems approach with families. Her approach to therapy would best be characterized as ________ .

Dr. Jacobs is a clinical psychologist who uses a combination of different techniques depending on the problem her client is dealing with. For example, she treats phobias behaviorally, uses both cognitive and behavioral techniques with depression, and utilizes a systems approach with families. Her approach to therapy would best be characterized as ________ .



a. biopsychosocial
b. a shotgun approach
c. multifarious
d. eclectic

Answer: D. Eclectic

Which of the following reflects an empiricist, as opposed to a nativist viewpoint on the origins of knowledge?

Which of the following reflects an empiricist, as opposed to a nativist viewpoint on the origins of knowledge?



a. Gestalt psychology's proposal that certain organizing principles of perception are innate.

b. Charles Darwin's belief that natural selection applies not only to physical traits, but behavioral and psychological ones as well

c. Greek philosopher Aristotle's idea that the mind is a tabula rasa-a blank slate on which experiences are written

d. Philosopher Immanuel Kant's proposal that humans are born with certain mental structures that determine how they see the world


Answer: C. Greek philosopher Aristotle's idea that the mind is a tabula rasa-a blank slate on which experiences are written

Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between the mind and the body would most psychologists today agree with?

Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between the mind and the body would most psychologists today agree with?




a. The mind controls the actions of the body through the pineal gland.

b. The mind is spiritual and cannot be studied, whereas the body produces behavior that can be studied using the methods of science.

c. There is no separation of the mind and body.

d. The body and mind influence each other through a process called reciprocal determinism.


Answer: C. There is no separation of the mind and body.

Some psychologists test theories about basic principles of behavior and mind. Examples would include social psychologists, cognitive psychologists, and developmental psychologists. As a group, these psychologists are called ________ .

Some psychologists test theories about basic principles of behavior and mind. Examples would include social psychologists, cognitive psychologists, and developmental psychologists. As a group, these psychologists are called ________ .




a. research psychologists
b. basic psychologists
c. applied psychologists
d. clinical psychologists


Answer: A. Research Psychologists

Dr. Hou works for an automobile manufacturer. She works to improve the interior design of cars to make them more comfortable and safer to drive. She is most likely a ________ .

Dr. Hou works for an automobile manufacturer. She works to improve the interior design of cars to make them more comfortable and safer to drive. She is most likely a ________ .



a. personality psychologist
b. forensic psychologist
c. behavioral neuroscientist
d. human factors psychologist


Answer: D. Human Factors Psychologist

Dr. Debord is a therapist who helps people with adjustment problems such as relationship problems and career guidance. He is most likely trained as a ________ .

Dr. Debord is a therapist who helps people with adjustment problems such as relationship problems and career guidance. He is most likely trained as a ________ .



a. clinical psychologist
b. human factors psychologist
c. counseling psychologist
d. psychiatrist


Answer: C. Counseling Psychologist

Although psychology and philosophy are related, psychology eventually grew out of philosophy to become a separate discipline. What distinguishes psychology from philosophy?

Although psychology and philosophy are related, psychology eventually grew out of philosophy to become a separate discipline. What distinguishes psychology from philosophy?


a. psychology emphasizes answering questions using the scientific method

b. psychology emphasizes curing mental disorders

c. psychology does not deal with motivation

d. only psychology is concerned with motivation


Answer: A. Psychology emphasizes answering questions using the scientific method

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