A child is rushed to the hospital after taking one of his grandmother's blood pressure medications. He has a low blood pressure and is also having trouble breathing, with audible wheezing upon exhalation. Which class of drugs did the child most likely take?

A child is rushed to the hospital after taking one of his grandmother's blood pressure medications. He has a low blood pressure and is also having trouble breathing, with audible wheezing upon exhalation. Which class of drugs did the child most likely take?

A) ACE inhibitor
B) beta blocker
C) calcium channel blocker
D) diuretic

Answer: B

The drug Chantix®, which treats nicotine addiction, is an ________ for the nicotine receptor.

The drug Chantix®, which treats nicotine addiction, is an ________ for the nicotine receptor.

A) agonist
B) antagonist

Answer: A

If the results of ufo-epi treatment of humans included pupil dilation, localized sweating, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose, which conclusion would be indicated?

If the results of ufo-epi treatment of humans included pupil dilation, localized sweating, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose, which conclusion would be indicated?

A) It acts on AMPA receptors.
B) It acts at the neuromuscular junction.
C) It acts on muscarinic receptors.
D) It acts on alpha adrenergic receptors.
E) It acts on beta adrenergic receptors.

Answer: D

If humans administered a physiological dose of ufo-epi responded to the chemical, which of the following would indicate ufo-epi is an epinephrine agonist?

If humans administered a physiological dose of ufo-epi responded to the chemical, which of the following would indicate ufo-epi is an epinephrine agonist?

A) constriction of respiratory tubes
B) hyperglycemia (high blood glucose)
C) increase in fatty acids in the blood
D) localized sweating
E) decreased heart rate



Answer: C

Epinephrine and norepinephrine that are released from the adrenal glands affect target tissue for a longer period of time than the same substances released from neurons at their peripheral receptors. Why?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine that are released from the adrenal glands affect target tissue for a longer period of time than the same substances released from neurons at their peripheral receptors. Why?

A) The adrenal gland releases larger amounts of the neurotransmitters than the neurons.
B) The hormones released from the adrenal glands bind to different receptors than those released from neurons.
C) There are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and very little in peripheral tissues.
D) The effectors are less sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal glands.
E) The epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands are released by sympathetic neurons, whereas parasympathetic neurons release these substances at the effector organs.



Answer: C

______ postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete ________ onto their target cells.

______ postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete ________ onto their target cells.

A) All, norepinephrine
B) Most, norepinephrine
C) All, acetylcholine
D) Most, acetylcholine



Answer: B

The signal molecule ________ elicits the stronger response from beta2 receptors.

The signal molecule ________ elicits the stronger response from beta2 receptors.

Answer: epinephrine

The signal molecule ________ elicits the stronger response from alpha receptors.

The signal molecule ________ elicits the stronger response from alpha receptors.

Answer: norepinephrine

The two varieties of adrenergic receptors are ________ and ________.

The two varieties of adrenergic receptors are ________ and ________.

Answer: alpha, beta

Autonomic neurotransmitters are synthesized in the ________.

Autonomic neurotransmitters are synthesized in the ________.

Answer: axon

_______ are swellings that contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitter.

_______ are swellings that contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitter.

Answer: varicosities

The ________ is the major source of parasympathetic output.

The ________ is the major source of parasympathetic output.

Answer: vagus nerve

Cholinergic muscarinic receptors are found at the ________ in the ANS.

Cholinergic muscarinic receptors are found at the ________ in the ANS.

Answer: parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors are found in the ________ of the ANS.

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors are found in the ________ of the ANS.

Answer: autonomic ganglia

Cholinergic receptors respond to the neurotransmitter ________.

Cholinergic receptors respond to the neurotransmitter ________.

Answer: acetylcholine

The two types of cholinergic receptors are ________ and ________.

The two types of cholinergic receptors are ________ and ________.

Answer: nicotinic, muscarinic

The motor end plate is

The motor end plate is

A) a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold.
B) the same as the neuromuscular junction.
C) the same as the synaptic cleft.
D) formed by the membrane of enlarged axon terminals, or boutons, that lie on the surface of skeletal muscle cells.
E) a special fibrous matrix whose collagen fibers hold the axon terminal in proper position.

Answer: A

"Dual innervation" refers to an organ receiving

"Dual innervation" refers to an organ receiving

A) two nerves from the spinal cord.
B) both autonomic and somatomotor nerves.
C) both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
D) nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer: C

Increased parasympathetic stimulation

Increased parasympathetic stimulation

A) increases heart rate.
B) increases gastric motility.
C) causes sweat glands to release sweat.
D) causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate.
E) causes the pupils to dilate.

Answer: B

Sweat glands contain

Sweat glands contain

A) cholinergic receptors.
B) alpha receptors.
C) beta receptors.
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Answer: A

Which functions are controlled through the autonomic nervous system?

Which functions are controlled through the autonomic nervous system?

1. blood pressure
2. heart rate
3. water balance
4. temperature regulation




A) 1 and 2
B) 1 and 3
C) 1, 2, 3
D) 2, 3, 4
E) 1, 2, 3, 4

Answer: E

Which area(s) of the brain exert(s) control over the autonomic nervous system?

Which area(s) of the brain exert(s) control over the autonomic nervous system?

1. cerebrum
2. cerebellum
3. hypothalamus
4. pons
5. medulla
6. thalamus


A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
B) 1, 3, 5
C) 1, 3, 4, 5
D) 1, 2, 3, 5
E) 2, 3, 4, 5

Answer: C

Which of the following has its cell body in the ganglion?

Which of the following has its cell body in the ganglion?

A) preganglionic neuron
B) postganglionic neuron
C) somatic motor neuron
D) preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron
E) preganglionic neuron, postganglionic neuron, and somatic motor neuron

Answer: B

Each of these statements is true except one. Identify the exception.

Each of these statements is true except one. Identify the exception.

A) Monoamine oxidase is the main enzyme responsible for the degradation of catecholamines.
B) ß1 receptors respond equally well to both epinephrine and norepinephrine.
C) ß2 receptors are not innervated by sympathetic neurons, so are more sensitive to epinephrine, delivered via the blood.
D) Activation of a receptors opens Na+ channels in the membrane.

Answer: D

The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because

The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because

A) it is a source of catecholamines.
B) it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion.
C) it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.
D) it is a source of catecholamines and it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion.
E) it is a source of catecholamines, it is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and it releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.

Answer: E

The presence of two peripheral efferent neurons in a pathway is typical of the ________ division.

The presence of two peripheral efferent neurons in a pathway is typical of the ________ division.

A) somatic
B) sensory
C) autonomic
D) somatic and sensory
E) somatic and autonomic

Answer: C

Antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the ________ division.

Antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the ________ division.

A) somatic
B) sensory
C) autonomic
D) somatic and sensory
E) somatic and autonomic

Answer: C

Which area is NOT normally considered to be an autonomic control center?

Which area is NOT normally considered to be an autonomic control center?

A) pons
B) medulla
C) amygdala
D) hypothalamus

Answer: C

Nicotine enhances the release of ________ in the brain.

Nicotine enhances the release of ________ in the brain.

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) acetylcholine
D) epinephrine
E) glutamate

Answer: B

Which statements apply to the parasympathetic division of the nervous system?

Which statements apply to the parasympathetic division of the nervous system?

A) It is dominant during "resting and digesting."
B) Its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs.
C) Epinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division.
D) It is dominant during "resting and digesting" and its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs.
E) All of the statements apply.

Answer: D

The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the

The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the

A) sympathetic division.
B) parasympathetic division.
C) craniosacral division.
D) intramural division.
E) somatomotor division.

Answer: A

The two divisions of the efferent side of the peripheral nervous system are

The two divisions of the efferent side of the peripheral nervous system are

A) somatic motor neurons and voluntary neurons.
B) somatic motor neurons and autonomic neurons.
C) the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
D) voluntary nervous system and somatic motor neurons.



Answer: B

Nicotine is thought to cause approximately ________ deaths per year, worldwide.

Nicotine is thought to cause approximately ________ deaths per year, worldwide.

A) 500
B) 5,000
C) 50,000
D) 500,000
E) 5,000,000



Answer: E