Archive for March 2018

After stretching an intrafusal fiber, the next event is

After stretching an intrafusal fiber, the next event is




A) an increase in action potentials along the associated sensory neuron.
B) a decrease in muscle tension.
C) a decrease in muscle tone.
D) decreased sensitivity to stretching.
E) All of the answers are correct.




Answer: A

When there is a resistance to the movement produced by a given limb muscle,

When there is a resistance to the movement produced by a given limb muscle,



A) gamma motor neurons are inhibited by higher brain centers.
B) there is a decrease in the amount of force generated by extrafusal muscle fibers.
C) the muscle involved in the movement immediately shortens when stimulated.
D) intrafusal fibers receive fewer action potentials from the gamma motor neurons.
E) muscle tone is increased and more motor units are recruited to the contraction.





Answer: E

Ten-year-old Tina falls while climbing a tree and lands on her back. Her frightened parents take her to the local emergency room where she is examined. Her knee jerk reflex is normal and she exhibits a negative Babinski reflex. These results suggest that

Ten-year-old Tina falls while climbing a tree and lands on her back. Her frightened parents take her to the local emergency room where she is examined. Her knee jerk reflex is normal and she exhibits a negative Babinski reflex. These results suggest that



A) Tina has injured one of her descending nerve tracts.
B) Tina has injured one of her ascending nerve tracts.
C) Tina has a spinal injury in the lumbar region.
D) Tina has a spinal injury in the cervical region.
E) Tina suffered no damage to her spinal cord.





Answer: E

Most reflexes are regulated by

Most reflexes are regulated by




A) the brain.
B) the spinal cord.
C) ganglia.
D) positive feedback.
E) negative feedback.



Answer: E

Most reflex movements are integrated by

Most reflex movements are integrated by



A) the brain.
B) the spinal cord.
C) central pattern generators.
D) proprioceptors.
E) effectors.



Answer: B

Motor neurons are sometimes inhibited by

Motor neurons are sometimes inhibited by



A) Golgi tendon organs.
B) muscle spindle organs.
C) joint receptors.



Answer: A

It is the middle of winter and you walk over an icy patch and lose your balance. As you begin to fall, you react by extending your arms to catch yourself. In this instance, what type of reflex is occurring?

It is the middle of winter and you walk over an icy patch and lose your balance. As you begin to fall, you react by extending your arms to catch yourself. In this instance, what type of reflex is occurring?



A) stretch reflex
B) tendon reflex
C) flexor reflex
D) crossed extensor reflex
E) reciprocal reflex




Answer: D

The flexion reflex

The flexion reflex



A) prevents a muscle from overstretching.
B) prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension.
C) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.
D) makes adjustments in other parts of the body in response to a particular stimulus.
E) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.




Answer: C

Which is NOT true regarding autonomic reflexes?

Which is NOT true regarding autonomic reflexes?



A) Vomiting, sneezing, and coughing are all examples of autonomic reflexes.
B) Integrating centers for autonomic reflexes in the brain include the hypothalamus, brain stem, and limbic system.
C) Autonomic reflexes are all monosynaptic, with their synapse in the central nervous system.
D) Many autonomic reflexes are characterized by tonic activity, a continuous stream of action potentials.




Answer: C

Identify the FALSE statement.

Identify the FALSE statement.




A) Adipose tissue is controlled by autonomic efferents.
B) All reflexes require input from the brain.
C) Some reflexes are genetically determined.
D) Muscle spindles are stretch receptors.
E) Proprioceptors detect limb position and movement.




Answer: B

The effector in a reflex is the

The effector in a reflex is the




A) control center.
B) afferent neuron.
C) efferent neuron.
D) sensory receptor.
E) muscle or gland.



Answer: E

Random variability exists because

Random variability exists because



a. relationships between variables are rarely perfect.
b. relationships between variables can only be positive or negative.
c. curvilinear relationships exist.
d. relationships between variables can only be monotonic.

Answer: relationships between variables are rarely perfect.

Igor notices that the more time he spends working in the laboratory, the more familiar he becomes with the standard laboratory procedures. What type of relationship does this observation represent?

Igor notices that the more time he spends working in the laboratory, the more familiar he becomes with the standard laboratory procedures. What type of relationship does this observation represent?



a. Curvilinear
b. Positive
c. Negative
d. No relationship

Answer: Positive

An experimenter had one group of participants eat ice cream that was packaged in a red carton, whereas another group of participants ate the same flavoured ice cream from a green carton. Participants then indicated how much they liked the ice cream by rating the taste on a 1-5 scale. The independent variable in this experiment was the

An experimenter had one group of participants eat ice cream that was packaged in a red carton, whereas another group of participants ate the same flavoured ice cream from a green carton. Participants then indicated how much they liked the ice cream by rating the taste on a 1-5 scale. The independent variable in this experiment was the



a. ice cream ratings.
b. flavour of the ice cream.
c. colour of the carton.
d. gender of the participant.

Answer: colour of the carton.

By employing randomization, the researcher ensures that

By employing randomization, the researcher ensures that



a. participants are manipulated at random.
b. one group is different than the other.
c. any extraneous factor is as likely to affect one group as it is to affect the other.
d. participants are unable to choose their preferred group.

Answer: any extraneous factor is as likely to affect one group as it is to affect the other

A researcher observed that drinking coffee improved performance on complex math problems up to a point. The researcher also noted, however, that excessive coffee drinking actually interferes with problem solving. What type of relationship was observed?

A researcher observed that drinking coffee improved performance on complex math problems up to a point. The researcher also noted, however, that excessive coffee drinking actually interferes with problem solving. What type of relationship was observed?



a. Curvilinear
b. No relationship
c. Positive
d. Negative

Answer: Curvilinear

If a positive relationship between the amount of candy consumed and the amount of weight gained in a month exists, what should the results be like?

If a positive relationship between the amount of candy consumed and the amount of weight gained in a month exists, what should the results be like? 




a. The less candy consumed, the more weight that is gained
b. Amount of candy consumed has no effect on the weight that is gained
c. The more candy consumed, the less weight that is gained
d. The more candy consumed, the more weight that is gained

Answer: The more candy consumed, the more weight that is gained

What is the primary advantage of a field experiment over a laboratory experiment?

What is the primary advantage of a field experiment over a laboratory experiment?



a. Mediating variables are considered.
b. Randomization procedures are simpler.
c. Variables are investigated in a natural context.
d. The third variable problem is eliminated.

Answer: Variables are investigated in a natural context.

To assess the reliability of a measure, one should _____ the measures.

To assess the reliability of a measure, one should _____ the measures.



a. calculate the correlation coefficient between scores on
b. directly observe the amount of true score in
c. directly observe the amount of measurement error in
d. systematically study the variables in

Answer: calculate the correlation coefficient between scores on

You take your temperature with a thermometer three times over a 20-minute period and observe the following measurements: 98, 106, and 89 degrees. You should conclude that the _____ of the thermometer is _____.

You take your temperature with a thermometer three times over a 20-minute period and observe the following measurements: 98, 106, and 89 degrees. You should conclude that the _____ of the thermometer is _____.



a. validity; high
b. validity; low
c. reliability; high
d. reliability; low

Answer: reliability; low

One way to increase the reliability of a measurement scale is to

One way to increase the reliability of a measurement scale is to



a. calculate a correlation coefficient.
b. decrease the number of items within the measurement scale.
c. increase the number of items within the measurement scale.
d. be sure there is variability between true score and measurement error.

Answer: increase the number of items within the measurement scale.

You have just received a new digital tape measure. When you measure the same board four times, you find the measure fluctuates from 4 to 8 inches. Your new tape measure can be said to be low in

You have just received a new digital tape measure. When you measure the same board four times, you find the measure fluctuates from 4 to 8 inches. Your new tape measure can be said to be low in



a. validity.
b. reliability.
c. externality.
d. reactivity.

Answer: reliability.

A food critic rates restaurants according to the quality of food, service, and atmosphere. She assigns 4 forks for excellent, 3 for good, 2 for fair, and 1 fork for poor. This measure is an example of a(n) _____ scale.

A food critic rates restaurants according to the quality of food, service, and atmosphere. She assigns 4 forks for excellent, 3 for good, 2 for fair, and 1 fork for poor. This measure is an example of a(n) _____ scale.



a. ratio
b. interval
c. ordinal
d. nominal

Answer: ordinal

Face validity refers to whether or not the measure

Face validity refers to whether or not the measure



a. yields the same score for the same participant across different circumstances.
b. correlates positively with other measures of the same variable.
c. appears to measure what it is supposed to measure.
d. correlates negatively with other measures of the same variable.

Answer: appears to measure what it is supposed to measure.

Dr. Zilstein examines the effect of fear (low or high) on a college student's desire to affiliate with others. Some students are told they will receive a very painful electrical shock, others a very mild shock. The intensity of the electrical shock the students are to receive is the _____ of the fear variable.

Dr. Zilstein examines the effect of fear (low or high) on a college student's desire to affiliate with others. Some students are told they will receive a very painful electrical shock, others a very mild shock. The intensity of the electrical shock the students are to receive is the _____ of the fear variable.




a. hypothetical construct
b. operational definition
c. mediating definition
d. conceptual definition

Answer: operational definition

With regard to animal research,

With regard to animal research,



a. very little has been written about ethics in animal research.
b. animals are not used for psychological research.
c. there are explicit guidelines to protect animals as well as human participants.
d. ethics is of little concern because animals have no feelings.

Answer: there are explicit guidelines to protect animals as well as human participants.

Evidence collected by Milgram indicated that

Evidence collected by Milgram indicated that


a. debriefing was effective in removing any negative effects of participation.
b. some participants suffered permanent negative effects from participation.
c. there was no need to worry about deception.
d. most participants were sorry that they had participated.

Answer: debriefing was effective in removing any negative effects of participation.

During World War II, Josef Mengele was a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz, and became infamous for performing grossly unethical experiments on human prisoners. These, and other atrocities, led directly to the development of which set of research ethics principles?

During World War II, Josef Mengele was a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz, and became infamous for performing grossly unethical experiments on human prisoners. These, and other atrocities, led directly to the development of which set of research ethics principles?



a. Declaration of Helsinki
b. American Psychological Association Ethics Code
c. Hippocratic Oath
d. Nuremberg Code

Answer: Nuremberg Code

A researcher asks Stephanie to imagine herself as a bank teller who has just been handed a note by a "customer" instructing her to hand over all the money in her cash drawer. She is then asked to predict how she would respond to the situation. This procedure best illustrates

A researcher asks Stephanie to imagine herself as a bank teller who has just been handed a note by a "customer" instructing her to hand over all the money in her cash drawer. She is then asked to predict how she would respond to the situation. This procedure best illustrates



a. role-playing.
b. debriefing.
c. a simulation.
d. a psychodrama.

Answer: role-playing.

Which of the following is NOT a major criticism of the use of role-playing?

Which of the following is NOT a major criticism of the use of role-playing?



a. Participants may not be sufficiently immersed in the scenario.
b. Responses may be different if the participants were in a real situation.
c. Participants may not be able to accurately predict behaviour.
d. Reading a description of some situation may dangerously immerse the participant in the role.

Answer: Reading a description of some situation may dangerously immerse the participant in the role.

The decision to select only individuals of a specific ethnicity for a research on a new medical treatment is most relevant to which ethical principal in the Tri-Council Policy Statement?

The decision to select only individuals of a specific ethnicity for a research on a new medical treatment is most relevant to which ethical principal in the Tri-Council Policy Statement?



a. Beneficence
b. Justice
c. Respect for persons (autonomy)
d. Concern for welfare

Answer: Justice

Which of the following statements is true of Milgram's classic experiments on obedience?

Which of the following statements is true of Milgram's classic experiments on obedience?



a. In 1971, Milgram was found guilty of scientific fraud.
b. Deception was unnecessary as the behaviour of participants would have been predicted to be identical if they had known the true purpose of the study.
c. After debriefing, only 1% of participants were sorry that they had been part of the study.
d. The majority of participants refused to deliver the maximum level of electric shocks to the confederate.

Answer: After debriefing, only 1% of participants were sorry that they had been part of the study.

Studies that employ elaborate deceptions are becoming less common. Which of the following is NOT a reason for this reduction?

Studies that employ elaborate deceptions are becoming less common. Which of the following is NOT a reason for this reduction?



a. Ethics committees review proposals more carefully and are less likely to allow studies that involve deception.
b. The use of deception has become too expensive to employ.
c. More researchers have become interested in cognitive variables rather than emotions, and tend to use methods which do not require deception.
d. An increase in the awareness of ethical issues involved in using deception has led researchers to conduct studies in other ways.

Answer: The use of deception has become too expensive to employ.

Michael Lynn's study on tipping behavior in restaurants and hotels, described in the text, was designed to determine whether factors such as posture and communication influence tips left by customers. The idea for his study was based on

Michael Lynn's study on tipping behavior in restaurants and hotels, described in the text, was designed to determine whether factors such as posture and communication influence tips left by customers. The idea for his study was based on



a. everyday problem.
b. common sense.
c. past research.
d. a theory.

Answer: everyday problem.

Juan has written a section of a research report that describes who participated in the research along with a description of how the study was conducted. Juan has most likely written the _____ section.

Juan has written a section of a research report that describes who participated in the research along with a description of how the study was conducted. Juan has most likely written the _____ section.



a. method
b. results
c. discussion
d. introduction

Answer: method

Because of tension between the police department and the citizens of Metropolis, the city council surveys residents for suggestions on how to improve police-community relations. This example best illustrates _____ as a source of research ideas.

Because of tension between the police department and the citizens of Metropolis, the city council surveys residents for suggestions on how to improve police-community relations. This example best illustrates _____ as a source of research ideas.



a. theories
b. practical problems
c. past research
d. observation of the world around us

Answer: practical problems

As Joan becomes familiar with the literature examining the influence of physical attractiveness on judgments of criminal behaviour, she notes inconsistencies in the results. She concludes that this area of study needs to be further investigated. This example best represents ______ as a source of ideas for research.

As Joan becomes familiar with the literature examining the influence of physical attractiveness on judgments of criminal behaviour, she notes inconsistencies in the results. She concludes that this area of study needs to be further investigated. This example best represents ______ as a source of ideas for research.



a. practical problems
b. past research
c. observation of the world around us
d. theories

Answer: past research

Which of the following would a researcher be least likely to do in order to find prior research on a specific topic?

Which of the following would a researcher be least likely to do in order to find prior research on a specific topic?


a. Conduct a computer search with PsycINFO
b. Consult Psychological Bulletin
c. Randomly select a psychological journal and search the table of contents for the topic
d. Look in the published Psychological Abstracts

Answer: Randomly select a psychological journal and search the table of contents for the topic

Kathy has written a section of a research report in which she explains the possible reasons for results in her study and suggestions for practical applications of the research and future research ideas. Kathy has most likely written the _____ section.

Kathy has written a section of a research report in which she explains the possible reasons for results in her study and suggestions for practical applications of the research and future research ideas. Kathy has most likely written the _____ section.



a. results
b. introduction
c. method
d. discussion

Answer: discussion

When Dr. Jones attempts to determine reasons why female defendants are rated more leniently than male defendants, he is attempting to meet which goal of science?

When Dr. Jones attempts to determine reasons why female defendants are rated more leniently than male defendants, he is attempting to meet which goal of science?



a. Explaining behaviour
b. Describing behaviour
c. Predicting behaviour
d. Determining cause of behaviour

Answer: Explaining behaviour

Which one of the following journal-article titles most likely represents an example of basic research?

Which one of the following journal-article titles most likely represents an example of basic research?



a. "Effect of size and lettering style of signs on wayfinding accuracy in a hospital"
b. "Encouraging recycling: An evaluation of a media campaign"
c. "Effect of situational factors on assessment of blame: A test of attribution theory"
d. "Teaching youths with autism to offer assistance"

Answer: "Effect of situational factors on assessment of blame: A test of attribution theory"

Which of the following characteristics is true of pseudoscience? The

Which of the following characteristics is true of pseudoscience? The


a. hypotheses are always falsifiable.
b. hypotheses are testable.
c. claims rigorously consider conflicting evidence.
d. claims are stated using scientific-sounding terminology and ideas.

Answer: claims are stated using scientific-sounding terminology and ideas.

An important component of the scientific approach is peer review. Which of the following is NOT a reason for employing peer review? It aims to

An important component of the scientific approach is peer review. Which of the following is NOT a reason for employing peer review? It aims to



a. allow publication of only those findings with which other researchers agree.
b. ensure that the best ideas are supported by research, and allows others to build upon the research thereby further advancing the field of study.
c. ensure that only the best research is published.
d. ensure that research with major obvious flaws will not be part of scientific literature.

Answer: allow publication of only those findings with which other researchers agree.

You have just read an article in a popular magazine that stated, "People who jog live longer than people who don't jog." As a scientist, you would probably

You have just read an article in a popular magazine that stated, "People who jog live longer than people who don't jog." As a scientist, you would probably


a. assume that the statement is false.
b. begin jogging.
c. accept the statement as true.
d. want to see the study that lead to this conclusion.

Answer: want to see the study that lead to this conclusion.

The advantage of employing the scientific approach over other ways of knowing about the world is that it

The advantage of employing the scientific approach over other ways of knowing about the world is that it



a. allows scientists to show that the explanations we make for the actions we observe are always correct.
b. allows scientists the opportunity to show the public their findings are always correct.
c. provides an objective set of rules for gathering, evaluating, and reporting information.
d. allows one to rule out intuition and authority as sources of ideas about behaviour.

Answer: provides an objective set of rules for gathering, evaluating, and reporting information.

Which one of the following journal-article titles most likely represents an applied research study?

Which one of the following journal-article titles most likely represents an applied research study?



a. "Increasing recycling of fast-food containers: A test at an amusement park"
b. "Cognitive factors influencing logical reasoning"
c. "Measurement of reaction times to different coloured lights"
d. "The influence of a food reward on maze running behaviour in kittens"

Answer: "Increasing recycling of fast-food containers: A test at an amusement park"

Determining the cause of behaviour is an important goal of science because

Determining the cause of behaviour is an important goal of science because



a. we cannot predict behaviour without knowing the cause of behaviour.
b. we cannot describe behaviour without knowing the cause of behaviour.
c. it is important to know the cause of behaviour if we want to change a behaviour.
d. it makes the scientist appear more credible.

Answer: it is important to know the cause of behaviour if we want to change a behaviour

The empirical approach to science requires that

The empirical approach to science requires that



a. skepticism should be avoided when data are being presented.
b. only knowledge presented by an authority figure be deemed correct.
c. ideas based on intuition not be examined.
d. knowledge be based on observations.

Answer: knowledge be based on observations.

In determining the cause of behaviour, the principle of _____ considers that when the cause is present, the effect occurs; but, when the cause is not present, the effect does not occur.

In determining the cause of behaviour, the principle of _____ considers that when the cause is present, the effect occurs; but, when the cause is not present, the effect does not occur.



a. covariation of cause and effect
b. elimination of alternative explanations
c. temporal precedence
d. observational analysis

Answer: covariation of cause and effect

Which statement best illustrates the scientific goal of explaining behaviour?

Which statement best illustrates the scientific goal of explaining behaviour?



a. Fourth grade boys run faster than fourth grade girls.
b. Females who commit a crime will be rated more leniently than males who commit the same crime.
c. Differences in assigned guilt ratings between attractive and unattractive defendants is due to a physical attractiveness stereotype.
d. Men do not like to go shopping with women.

Answer: Differences in assigned guilt ratings between attractive and unattractive defendants is due to a physical attractiveness stereotype.

Dr. Pentel conducts research to determine whether or not an after-school program improves school performance in fifth-grade children. Dr. Pentel is most likely engaged in _____.

Dr. Pentel conducts research to determine whether or not an after-school program improves school performance in fifth-grade children. Dr. Pentel is most likely engaged in _____.


a. theoretical research
b. basic research
c. topical research
d. a program evaluation

Answer: a program evaluation

How grandparents and grandchildren interact varies by

How grandparents and grandchildren interact varies by 



a. ethnic group
b. country in which they reside
c. education level of grandparent
d. temperament of grandchild



Answer: A

Men tend to base their friendships on

Men tend to base their friendships on 



a. intimate sharing
b. emtional sharing
c. shared activities
d. personality matches




Answer: C

Taken together, the body of research on personal control indicates it may serve as a ____ for one's well-being in the face of declining health and other losses associated with the oldest adults.

Taken together, the body of research on personal control indicates it may serve as a ____ for one's well-being in the face of declining health and other losses associated with the oldest adults.




a. proxy/measure
b. protective fator
c. stress factor
d. motivator




Answer: B

The positivity effect can be defined as

The positivity effect can be defined as




a. when older adults achieve wisdom with increasing age
b. when having one chronic disease increases the likelihood that one will experience additional chronic diseases
c when older adults avoid negative information and focus on positive information
d. the tendency to experience more positive emotions




Answer: C

The results of Bargh and Hummer reveal that

The results of Bargh and Hummer reveal that


a. causal attributions of older adults are more likely to be dispositional in nature
b. neagtive stereotypes are activated when we are unaware of them
c. patronizing speech is a common among nursing home workers
d. personal control is related to memory performance




Answer: B

Although there is an impressive collection of research supporting personality stability using the five-factor model, there is also research indicating personality change. Staudinger and colleagues' perspective reconciles these differences by suggesting personality takes on two forms

Although there is an impressive collection of research supporting personality stability using the five-factor model, there is also research indicating personality change. Staudinger and colleagues' perspective reconciles these differences by suggesting personality takes on two forms



a. implicit and explicit development
b. adjustment and growth
c. stablitity and change
d. qualitative and quantitative development





Answer: B

What is the relationship between age and marriage

What is the relationship between age and marriage



a. as age decreases, success of marriage increases.
b. as age increases, success of marriage decreases
c. as age decreases, success of marriage decreases
d. there is no association between age and marital success



Answer: C

Does the research evidence support the idea of the "rebound effect"? that is, that one should wait before remarrying.

Does the research evidence support the idea of the "rebound effect"? that is, that one should wait before remarrying. 




a. no, there is no evidence that those who remarry sooner have less success in marriage than those who wait.
b. yes, those who remarry sooner have high redivorce rates
c. no, those who remarry sooner have lower divorce rates
d. the rebound effect is true for men but not for women



Answer: A

Research focusing on life transitions as the basis for personality development shows

Research focusing on life transitions as the basis for personality development shows



a. clear evidence of single sequence of qualitative changes
b. supportive evidence based on large representative sample
c. strong evidence of transitions at specific points
d. little evidence of universal transitions tied to specific ages




Answer: D

Older adults reported that turning problems over to god was a three-step process that included all of the following except

Older adults reported that turning problems over to god was a three-step process that included all of the following except


a. differentiating between things that can and cannot be changed
b. becoming more involved in religious activities
c. focusing one's effort on the parts of the problem that can be changed
d. emotionally disconnecting from the parts of the problem that cannot be changed




Answer: B

One of the more popular methods for examining life stories is through

One of the more popular methods for examining life stories is through 




a. case studies whereby individuals are followed over the life span
b. questionnaires regarding life events
c. autobiographical memory
d. recalling and analyzing one's dreams across the life span




Answer: C

Generational differences are apparent when people make social judgments. for example, when considering the social rule " you can't stop true love," results from a research study showed a ___ relationship.

Generational differences are apparent when people make social judgments. for example, when considering the social rule " you can't stop true love," results from a research study showed a ___ relationship.



a. x shaped
b. u shaped
c. y shaped
d. random




Answer: B

___ tend to have the most tenuous relationships with children because the bond can be broken at any time for any number of reasons having nothing to do with the quality of care being provided.

___ tend to have the most tenuous relationships with children because the bond can be broken at any time for any number of reasons having nothing to do with the quality of care being provided.




a. adoptive parents
b. gay and lesbian parents
c. grandparents
d. foster parents




Answer: D

John has added five minutes to his goal running time after he began noticing it is taking him longer to finish his morning run. according to Brandstadter, John is said to be engaging in

John has added five minutes to his goal running time after he began noticing it is taking him longer to finish his morning run. according to Brandstadter, John is said to be engaging in 



a. primary control
b. secondary control
c. assimilative activities
d. accommodative activities



Answer: B

Reliance on spiritual beliefs helps people to

Reliance on spiritual beliefs helps people to 



a. ignore their problems
b. be distracted from their problems
c. focus on the parts of the problem that may be under their control
d. share their problems with others who are also religious




Answer: C

Erin is a middle-aged wife and mother of adolescent children. her mother had a stroke and just moved into her home. erin is feeling tension from her mother and her children, which is a common characteristic of

Erin is a middle-aged wife and mother of adolescent children. her mother had a stroke and just moved into her home. erin is feeling tension from her mother and her children, which is a common characteristic of 


a. partner caregivers
b. the sandwich generation
c. the babyboomer generation
d. women who are depressed




Answer: B

A problem facing many people who never marry is

A problem facing many people who never marry is 




a. there are numerous stereotypes and biases against single people in the US
b. they find it difficult to make friends.
c. people feel sorry for them.
d. research finds there are no disadvantages to remaining single



Answer: A

The theory of personal control developed by Heckhausen, Wrosch, and Schulz proposes that as people get older, they are more likely to exert control in their lives by using

The theory of personal control developed by Heckhausen, Wrosch, and Schulz proposes that as people get older, they are more likely to exert control in their lives by using




a. primary control strategies in which they change their environment
b. secondary control strategies in which they change their goals
c. possible selves in which they try to remember their past behaviors
d. problem-focused coping mechanisms


Answer: B

When older adults were told they were going to take a memory test, they performed more poorly than younger adults on a task. however, when they were told the task emphasized learning new information, they performed similarly to younger adults. this provides an example of

When older adults were told they were going to take a memory test, they performed more poorly than younger adults on a task. however, when they were told the task emphasized learning new information, they performed similarly to younger adults. this provides an example of 




a. negative personal control
b. internal attributions
c. implicit social beliefs
d. stereotype threat




Answer: D
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