Archive for March 2021

One biological explanation for depression is that an overactive ______________ responds strongly to emotions and sends signals that lead to a decrease in ______________ activity.

One biological explanation for depression is that an overactive ______________ responds strongly to emotions and sends signals that lead to a decrease in ______________ activity.



a. caudate; brainstem

b. brainstem; caudate

c. limbic system; frontal cortex

d. frontal cortex; limbic system



Answer: c

Sandra is suffering from major depression. She is convinced that she will always be unhappy and her life will never change. Which of the three elements of the depressive explanatory style does this illustrate?

Sandra is suffering from major depression. She is convinced that she will always be unhappy and her life will never change. Which of the three elements of the depressive explanatory style does this illustrate?



a. globalizing

b. internalizing

c. stabilizing

d. unstabilizing



Answer: c

The depressive explanatory style is characterized by which three elements?

The depressive explanatory style is characterized by which three elements?



a. externalizing, unstabilizing, globalizing

b. internalizing, stabilizing, globalizing

c. externalizing, stabilizing, localizing

d. internalizing, unstabilizing, localizing



Answer: b

Which of the following is a mood disorder?

Which of the following is a mood disorder?



a. obsessive-compulsive disorder

b. multiple personality disorder

c. narcissistic personality disorder

d. bipolar disorder



Answer: d

Kayla has experienced a decrease in the need for sleep for the past three nights, is extremely talkative and sexually charged, and has been very irresponsible with money during this time. Kayla is in the midst of a(n)

Kayla has experienced a decrease in the need for sleep for the past three nights, is extremely talkative and sexually charged, and has been very irresponsible with money during this time. Kayla is in the midst of a(n)



a. dissociated amnesiac episode.

b. major depressive episode.

c. manic episode.

d. obsessive episode



Answer: c

Research into demographic differences in the rates of major depression, or clinical depression as it is often called, suggests that

Research into demographic differences in the rates of major depression, or clinical depression as it is often called, suggests that



a. men and woman have similar rates of diagnosis in the United States.

b. men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with the disorder in the United States.

c. men are less likely than women to be diagnosed with the disorder in the United States.

d. there are no age, gender, or racial differences in the prevalence of the disorder in the United States.



Answer: c

Which of the following is an example of the "vicious cycle" of anxiety disorders?

Which of the following is an example of the "vicious cycle" of anxiety disorders?



a. a child inherits a gene for anxiety from her parents

b. a person with severe anxiety makes himself feel better by starting fights

c. a man who was sexually abused as a child develops anxiety as an adult.

d. a women with social phobia notices every little mistake she makes in front of others, which makes her more anxious



Answer: d

Mr. Carpenter is constantly afraid that he is going to oversleep and be late for work. As a result, he spends nearly an hour total each night making certain that his alarm clock is correctly set and saying "It's set, it's set, it's set" each of the times he checks it. This repetitive action is what clinical psychologists refer to as a

Mr. Carpenter is constantly afraid that he is going to oversleep and be late for work. As a result, he spends nearly an hour total each night making certain that his alarm clock is correctly set and saying "It's set, it's set, it's set" each of the times he checks it. This repetitive action is what clinical psychologists refer to as a



a. compulsion.

b. delusion.

c. hallucination.

d. obsession.



Answer: a

Sierra is constantly worried that everyone whom she comes in contact with is full of germs, so she is constantly rushing off to wash her hands. Sierra may suffer from which psychological disorder?

Sierra is constantly worried that everyone whom she comes in contact with is full of germs, so she is constantly rushing off to wash her hands. Sierra may suffer from which psychological disorder?



a. clinical depression

b. obsessive-compulsive disorder

c. social phobia

d. paranoid schizophrenia



Answer: b

During the day, Barb suffers from frequent, unwanted thoughts that she has left her front door unlocked and recurrent images that all her belongings have been taken. These thoughts and images are what psychologists refer to as a

During the day, Barb suffers from frequent, unwanted thoughts that she has left her front door unlocked and recurrent images that all her belongings have been taken. These thoughts and images are what psychologists refer to as a


a. compulsion.

b. delusion.

c. hallucination.

d. obsession



Answer: d

What is the main difference between generalized anxiety disorder and phobias?

What is the main difference between generalized anxiety disorder and phobias?



a. Phobias are linked to specific triggers while generalized anxiety disorder is not linked to a specific trigger.

b. Generalized anxiety disorder is linked to a specific trigger while phobias are not linked to a specific trigger.

c. Generalized anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder, while phobias are considered mood disorders.



Answer: a

Davis has such an intense, irrational fear of clowns that he cannot take his daughters to see the circus when it is in town. Davis would be most correctly diagnosed as suffering from

Davis has such an intense, irrational fear of clowns that he cannot take his daughters to see the circus when it is in town. Davis would be most correctly diagnosed as suffering from



a. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

b. panic disorder.

c. a phobia.

d. posttraumatic stress disorder.



Answer: c

Agoraphobia is an intense fear of

Agoraphobia is an intense fear of



a. clowns.

b. having a panic attack in a public place.

c. developing a mental illness.

d. being responsible for the death of another.



Answer: b

Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she starts sweating profusely, and she is gripped with a terrifying fear that she is about to go crazy. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms most resemble

Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she starts sweating profusely, and she is gripped with a terrifying fear that she is about to go crazy. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms most resemble



a. a phobic disorder.

b. a panic attack.

c. post-traumatic stress.

d. a compulsion



Answer: b

Leo worries all of the time. He worries about his money, his children, and his dog. He cannot identify the specific source of his worry, but rather feels an overall sense of constant concern. Leo's symptoms sound most like

Leo worries all of the time. He worries about his money, his children, and his dog. He cannot identify the specific source of his worry, but rather feels an overall sense of constant concern. Leo's symptoms sound most like



a. panic disorder

b. obsessive-compulsive disorder

c. generalized anxiety disorder

d. a dissociative disorder



Answer: c

Shelby is concerned that she is spending too much of her day worrying about things that are out of her control. She often feels tense, even in situations where there is nothing that is directly threatening her safety. If you were a clinical psychologist, you would be trying to determine if Shelby meets the criteria for

Shelby is concerned that she is spending too much of her day worrying about things that are out of her control. She often feels tense, even in situations where there is nothing that is directly threatening her safety. If you were a clinical psychologist, you would be trying to determine if Shelby meets the criteria for



a. agoraphobia.

b. generalized anxiety disorder.

c. major depression.

d. social phobia.



Answer: b

Anxiety is associated with physiological responses such as a racing heart and increased respiration. Which of the following is true about these physiological changes?

Anxiety is associated with physiological responses such as a racing heart and increased respiration. Which of the following is true about these physiological changes?



a. they are always a sign of mental illness

b. they are always maladaptive

c. they are an important part of the fight-or-flight response

d. they are always adaptive



Answer: c

Dikeshia is giving a presentation in her abnormal psychology class on the prevalence of psychological disorders. If you were a student in that class, what general category of disorders would you expect her to mention as one of the most frequently diagnosed psychological disorders?

Dikeshia is giving a presentation in her abnormal psychology class on the prevalence of psychological disorders. If you were a student in that class, what general category of disorders would you expect her to mention as one of the most frequently diagnosed psychological disorders?



a. anxiety disorders

b. dissociative disorders

c. personality disorders

d. schizophrenia



Answer: a

Skeptics of dissociative identity disorder (DID) argue that

Skeptics of dissociative identity disorder (DID) argue that



a. DID should really be referred to as schizophrenia

b. it should be easy to test objectively the validity of DID.

c. DID is likely caused by traumatic experiences.

d. some therapists actually provoke dissociative symptoms during therapy.



Answer: d

Which of the following is most likely to be cited by psychologists as a reason to be skeptical about dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

Which of the following is most likely to be cited by psychologists as a reason to be skeptical about dissociative identity disorder (DID)?



a. PET scan studies of people diagnosed with DID

b. a steep increase in DID rates from the 1970s to 1990s

c. evidence for memory dissociation in those diagnosed with DID

d. the association between DID and stressful events



Answer: b

A dissociative disorder characterized by a partial or complete loss of memory for personal information that is usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience is known as

A dissociative disorder characterized by a partial or complete loss of memory for personal information that is usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience is known as



a. dissociative identity disorder.

b. depersonalization disorder.

c. dissociative amnesia.

d. dissociative fugue.



Answer: c

After being passed up for a promotion and then getting into a heated argument with his son, a man disappears. He shows up two weeks later in another town with no memory of who he is or how he got there. He appears to be suffering from

After being passed up for a promotion and then getting into a heated argument with his son, a man disappears. He shows up two weeks later in another town with no memory of who he is or how he got there. He appears to be suffering from



a. schizophrenia.

b. a personality disorder.

c. a dissociative disorder.

d. a mood disorder.



Answer: c

Ned seeks therapy after having recurrent episodes of feeling "detached from himself" for several months, but he has not lost his self-awareness or memory. He notes that he feels like a robot, disconnected from his movements and actions. He also says that sometimes he feels like he "is no longer real." He is most likely suffering from

Ned seeks therapy after having recurrent episodes of feeling "detached from himself" for several months, but he has not lost his self-awareness or memory. He notes that he feels like a robot, disconnected from his movements and actions. He also says that sometimes he feels like he "is no longer real." He is most likely suffering from



a. dissociative fugue.

b. dissociative amnesia.

c. dissociative identity disorder.

d. depersonalization disorder.



Answer: d

Some psychologists believe that histrionic personality disorder occurs when an individual engages in attention seeking to avoid the negative feelings they associate with being unnoticed. This is an example of a ___________ explanation for personality disorders.

Some psychologists believe that histrionic personality disorder occurs when an individual engages in attention seeking to avoid the negative feelings they associate with being unnoticed. This is an example of a ___________ explanation for personality disorders.



a. biological

b. psychological

c. sociocultural

d. comorbid



Answer: b

People with antisocial personality disorder do not respond physiologically in the same manner that other people do. For example, when compared to control participants, they

People with antisocial personality disorder do not respond physiologically in the same manner that other people do. For example, when compared to control participants, they



a. are hyper-responsive to loud sounds and bright lights.

b. have more parasympathetic activation.

c. are over-reactive to stress.

d. show very weak startle responses—such as blinking—when exposed to unpleasant stimuli.



Answer: d

When people diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (APD) are exposed to stressful stimuli, such as loud noises or the sudden appearance of an angry face, they react _________________ people without APD.

When people diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (APD) are exposed to stressful stimuli, such as loud noises or the sudden appearance of an angry face, they react _________________ people without APD.



a. more than

b. less than

c. about the same as

d. faster than



Answer: b

A psychiatric patient repeatedly breaks the law, behaves impulsively, and generally demonstrates a disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others. It is most likely that this patient will be diagnosed with

A psychiatric patient repeatedly breaks the law, behaves impulsively, and generally demonstrates a disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others. It is most likely that this patient will be diagnosed with



a. borderline personality disorder.

b. antisocial personality disorder.

c. bipolar disorder.

d. schizophrenia.



Answer: b

John has made a career of stealing older people's retirement money by taking advantage of their trust and selling them phony retirement investments. John explains that he has done nothing wrong—if these people were not so greedy, they would not be so eager to invest in his phony schemes. In his mind, his victims got exactly what they deserved. John's behaviour and attitude are typical of someone with ________ personality disorder.

John has made a career of stealing older people's retirement money by taking advantage of their trust and selling them phony retirement investments. John explains that he has done nothing wrong—if these people were not so greedy, they would not be so eager to invest in his phony schemes. In his mind, his victims got exactly what they deserved. John's behaviour and attitude are typical of someone with ________ personality disorder.



a. schizoid

b. schizotypal

c. histrionic

d. antisocial



Answer: d

Cindy craves the attention of everyone around her. The few friends that she has admit that Cindy is "full of herself," and acts like she is better than everyone else. When Cindy had sex with her best friend's boyfriend, she felt no remorse. Which personality disorder would Cindy be most likely to be diagnosed with?

Cindy craves the attention of everyone around her. The few friends that she has admit that Cindy is "full of herself," and acts like she is better than everyone else. When Cindy had sex with her best friend's boyfriend, she felt no remorse. Which personality disorder would Cindy be most likely to be diagnosed with?



a. borderline

b. avoidant

c. narcissistic

d. dependent



Answer: c

Marty is moody, often switching from one extreme emotion to its opposite. He wants to have close relationships but is unable to do so because he is untrusting of others. Marty is most likely suffering from ______ personality disorder.

Marty is moody, often switching from one extreme emotion to its opposite. He wants to have close relationships but is unable to do so because he is untrusting of others. Marty is most likely suffering from ______ personality disorder.



a. antisocial

b. avoidant

c. dependent

d. borderline



Answer: d

A person who has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder is most likely to exhibit

A person who has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder is most likely to exhibit



a. a charming, self-centered, and manipulative interpersonal style.

b. impulsivity and unpredictability in his or her interactions with others.

c. intense discomfort in most social situations and odd thinking and behaviour patterns.

d. a strong need to be the center of attention in all social situations.



Answer: b

When comparing individuals from a variety of cultures who have been diagnosed with PTSD, researchers have found that

When comparing individuals from a variety of cultures who have been diagnosed with PTSD, researchers have found that



a. individuals from Western and Eastern cultures experience the same physiological, cognitive, and emotional symptoms.

b. individuals from Western cultures experience different physiological, cognitive, and emotional symptoms, compared to those from Eastern cultures.

c. individuals from Western cultures experience the same physiological symptoms as those from Eastern cultures, but experience different cognitive and emotional symptoms.

d. individuals from Western cultures experience the same cognitive and emotional symptoms as those from Eastern cultures, but experience different physiological symptoms.



Answer: c

Research indicates that one way to reduce the stigma associated with mental illness is to

Research indicates that one way to reduce the stigma associated with mental illness is to



a. remove individuals with mental illness from the general population.

b. increase knowledge of biopsychosocial explanations of mental illness.

c. reduce unnecessary concern by limiting the public's exposure to topics related to mental illness.

d. require people diagnosed with mental illness to notify their employers.



Answer: b

Which of the following best describes the argument for the use of labels applied to psychological disorders?

Which of the following best describes the argument for the use of labels applied to psychological disorders?



a. There are no recognized negative side effects associated with the use of labels for psychological disorders.

b. Labels provide an alternative to the DSM system for diagnosing mental illness.

c. Using labels reduces the stigma associated with mental illness.

d. Labels are often necessary for identifying and treating specific psychological disorders.



Answer: d

In a famous study discussed in your textbook, eight normal individuals were committed to a psychiatric hospital after claiming that they were experiencing hallucinations. Which of the following happened next?

In a famous study discussed in your textbook, eight normal individuals were committed to a psychiatric hospital after claiming that they were experiencing hallucinations. Which of the following happened next?



a. The hospital staff continued to view them as abnormal, despite the fact that they had no symptoms.

b. The hospital staff realized that they had been faking their original symptoms.

c. Being in the psychiatric hospital caused them to develop real psychological symptoms after several days.

d. They quickly quit the study because the conditions in the psychiatric hospital were so poor.



Answer: a

Melissa was recently diagnosed as suffering from bipolar disorder. When her coworkers find out, they stop inviting her to get drinks after work, and her boss promotes several less qualified employees ahead of her. The most likely cause of Melissa's treatment is

Melissa was recently diagnosed as suffering from bipolar disorder. When her coworkers find out, they stop inviting her to get drinks after work, and her boss promotes several less qualified employees ahead of her. The most likely cause of Melissa's treatment is



a. the M'Naghten effect.

b. the stigma associated with mental illness.

c. her coworkers confusing "unusual" behaviour for "abnormal" behaviour.

d. her coworkers confusing bipolar and unipolar disorder.



Answer: b

Stigmatization is often an unintended result of

Stigmatization is often an unintended result of



a. outpatient treatment for psychological disorders.

b. using the dimensional view instead of the categorical view to diagnosis mental illness.

c. applying the medical model.

d. labeling individuals as suffering from a psychological disorder.



Answer: d

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the intersection of the mental health and legal industries?

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the intersection of the mental health and legal industries?



a. The insanity defense is raised in less than 1% of all criminal trials, and is only successful about 20% of the time.

b. "Insanity" is a psychological/psychiatric term.

c. The serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer was famously found not guilty by reason of insanity.

d. The precedent for the insanity defense is a trial that occurred in the 1970s.



Answer: a

Dr. Nwoambi is an American psychologist who is currently evaluating a new client. Dr. Nwoambi would most likely refer to the _________ to assist her in diagnosing her client's psychological disorder.

Dr. Nwoambi is an American psychologist who is currently evaluating a new client. Dr. Nwoambi would most likely refer to the _________ to assist her in diagnosing her client's psychological disorder.



a. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

b. Physician's Desk Reference

c. Textbook of Psychological Disorders

d. Manual of Psychological and Behavioural Disorders



Answer: a

The primary purpose of the DSM-Vis to

The primary purpose of the DSM-Vis to



a. help psychologists assess only normal behaviour.

b. keep the number of diagnostic categories of mental disorders to a minimum.

c. help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders.

d. describe the causes of common physiological disorders.



Answer: c

DSM stands for

DSM stands for



a. Diagrammatic and Statistical Manual.

b. Deviance and Sadism Manual.

c. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.

d. Developmental Sickness Model.



Answer: c

Kendra is a 10-year-old musical prodigy. If she hears a piece of music once, she can play it perfectly on the piano from memory. Kendra's abilities would be accurately described using which of the following terms?

Kendra is a 10-year-old musical prodigy. If she hears a piece of music once, she can play it perfectly on the piano from memory. Kendra's abilities would be accurately described using which of the following terms?



a. abnormal

b. unusual

c. maladaptive

d. stigmatized



Answer: b

Jonah's therapist tells him that his depression is likely the result of several factors, including having a genetic predisposition to depression, a pessimistic personality, and a chaotic family life. This view of depression is an example of the _______________ model.

Jonah's therapist tells him that his depression is likely the result of several factors, including having a genetic predisposition to depression, a pessimistic personality, and a chaotic family life. This view of depression is an example of the _______________ model.



a. many-factor

b. biopsychosocial

c. maladaptive

d. medical



Answer: b

If a therapist thinks about psychological disorders in the same general way a physician thinks about diseases, the therapist is primarily applying the ______________ model to understand mental illness.

If a therapist thinks about psychological disorders in the same general way a physician thinks about diseases, the therapist is primarily applying the ______________ model to understand mental illness.



a. diagnostic

b. biopsychosocial

c. maladaptive

d. medical



Answer: d

Which statement concerning psychoneuroimmunology is accurate?

Which statement concerning psychoneuroimmunology is accurate?



a. Positive thinking can reverse serious illnesses such as cancer.

b. Significant psychological stressors can be predictive of who develops a cold.

c. Psychotherapy appears to prolong the survival of people diagnosed with cancer.

d. Negative thinking can stimulate the development of an illness.



Answer: b

Danielle was in a terrible car accident one week ago. Since the accident, her family has noticed that she has been acting very differently. She has withdrawn emotionally and socially from her family and friends, she often wakes up in tears because of dreams of the crash, and she has increased her alcohol intake. Which disorder is Danielle most likely experiencing?

Danielle was in a terrible car accident one week ago. Since the accident, her family has noticed that she has been acting very differently. She has withdrawn emotionally and socially from her family and friends, she often wakes up in tears because of dreams of the crash, and she has increased her alcohol intake. Which disorder is Danielle most likely experiencing?



a. major depressive disorder

b. panic disorder

c. post-traumatic stress disorder

d. anticipatory anxiety



Answer: c

Julie is described as having a Type A behaviour pattern while her friend Sarah is described as having a Type B behaviour pattern. According to Friedman and Rosenman (1959, 1974), who is more likely to develop coronary heart disease (CHD)?

Julie is described as having a Type A behaviour pattern while her friend Sarah is described as having a Type B behaviour pattern. According to Friedman and Rosenman (1959, 1974), who is more likely to develop coronary heart disease (CHD)?



a. Julie

b. Sarah

c. Julie and Sarah are equally likely to develop CHD.

d. Neither Julie nor Sarah. Individuals with Type C behaviour patterns are most likely to develop CHD.



Answer: a

A student is very stressed because of her upcoming final exams. She does her best to study day and night, but near the end of the exam period, she begins to get sick with a runny nose, cough,and fever. Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is this student most likely experiencing?

A student is very stressed because of her upcoming final exams. She does her best to study day and night, but near the end of the exam period, she begins to get sick with a runny nose, cough,and fever. Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is this student most likely experiencing?



a. alarm

b. resistance

c. exhaustion

d. fight or flight



Answer: c

Dr. Ellis works in the emergency room (E.R) of Toronto East General Hospital. For years, Dr. Ellis has been able to cope with the daily stressors that come with working in the E.R., and has only ever been diagnosed with high blood pressure. One day, however, Dr. Ellis has a sudden heart attack. Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is Dr. Ellis most likely experiencing?

Dr. Ellis works in the emergency room (E.R) of Toronto East General Hospital. For years, Dr. Ellis has been able to cope with the daily stressors that come with working in the E.R., and has only ever been diagnosed with high blood pressure. One day, however, Dr. Ellis has a sudden heart attack. Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is Dr. Ellis most likely experiencing?



a. alarm

b. resistance

c. exhaustion

d. fight or flight



Answer: c

Which of the following is true about the benefits of exercise?

Which of the following is true about the benefits of exercise?



a. Exercise has long-term, but not short-term effects on cognition.

b. Exercise has short-term, but not long-term effects on cognition.

c. Exercising has physical effects on the body, but does not affect cognition.

d. Exercising can slow the memory declines associated with Alzheimer's disease.



Answer: d

In a study described in your textbook, researchers randomly assigned participants to sprint, jog, or do nothing and then memorize a vocabulary list. Which group was able to learn the most words on average?

In a study described in your textbook, researchers randomly assigned participants to sprint, jog, or do nothing and then memorize a vocabulary list. Which group was able to learn the most words on average?



a. the group that sprinted

b. the group that jogged

c. the group that did nothing

d. none; there was no significant difference between the groups



Answer: a

Which of the following is NOT associated with exercise?

Which of the following is NOT associated with exercise?



a. increased BDNF release

b. the release of cortisol

c. improved brain functioning and cognitive performance

d. increased production of new neurons in the hippocampus



Answer: b

What is BDNF?

What is BDNF?



a. a stress hormone

b. a nutrient found in various plants

c. a brain protein which increases following intense exercise

d. a type of meditation



Answer: c

Nelson has recently begun to feel that he has no control over his life. Which of the following is he most likely to do as a result?

Nelson has recently begun to feel that he has no control over his life. Which of the following is he most likely to do as a result?



a. denounce all religions as superstitions

b. realize that feeling in control was actually stressful

c. develop a negative affectivity

d. develop superstitious explanations about why things happen



Answer: d

Many people cope with stressful life events through _______________, which refers to psychological strategies people use to preserve a sense of nonrandom order when personal control is compromised.

Many people cope with stressful life events through _______________, which refers to psychological strategies people use to preserve a sense of nonrandom order when personal control is compromised.



a. compensatory control

b. post-traumatic growth

c. pessimistic explanatory styles

d. negative affectivity



Answer: a

When Franz was young his father would beat him. Franz is now stronger than his father and could stop the beatings; however, Franz simply curls up into a ball and lets his father beat him. This might be an example of ______________.

When Franz was young his father would beat him. Franz is now stronger than his father and could stop the beatings; however, Franz simply curls up into a ball and lets his father beat him. This might be an example of ______________.



a. masochism

b. learned helplessness

c. a pessimistic response pattern

d. negative affectivity



Answer: b

In a famous study, Seligman and his colleagues trained dogs that a tone predicated an inescapable shock. When the dogs were put into a situation where they could avoid the shock simply by moving to a "safe zone," they would simply lie down and receive the shock. This phenomenon is called ___________.

In a famous study, Seligman and his colleagues trained dogs that a tone predicated an inescapable shock. When the dogs were put into a situation where they could avoid the shock simply by moving to a "safe zone," they would simply lie down and receive the shock. This phenomenon is called ___________.



a. masochism

b. learned helplessness

c. a pessimistic response pattern

d. negative affectivity



Answer: b

What is the relationship between perceived control and the experience of stress?

What is the relationship between perceived control and the experience of stress?



a. Research has not revealed any relationship between stress and perceived control.

b. Stress and control are directly related, meaning that the more control we perceive we have, the more stress we tend to experience.

c. Experiencing stress in a given situation lowers our perception of the control we have over that stressor.

d. The perception that one has control over a situation helps reduce the stress caused by that situation.



Answer: d

Ada was just laid off from her job. If she has a pessimistic explanatory style, which of the following is she most likely to tell someone?

Ada was just laid off from her job. If she has a pessimistic explanatory style, which of the following is she most likely to tell someone?



a. "It was all my stupid boss's fault!"

b. "I'm better off without that job."

c. "It's all my fault and I won't be able to find another job."

d. "I don't know why they would fire me."



Answer: c

In comparison to nonreligious people, religious individuals have

In comparison to nonreligious people, religious individuals have



a. higher mortality rates and higher blood pressure.

b. lower mortality rates and lower rates of alcohol use.

c. higher mortality rates and lower blood pressure.

d. lower mortality rates and higher rates of alcohol use.



Answer: b

_______ meditation involves narrowing one's focus to a single event, while _______ involves allowing attention to flow freely and focusing on whatever comes to mind.

_______ meditation involves narrowing one's focus to a single event, while _______ involves allowing attention to flow freely and focusing on whatever comes to mind.



a. Mindfulness; concentrative

b. Mindfulness; mind-body training

c. Concentrative; mind-body training

d. Concentrative; mindfulness



Answer: d

In a brain imaging study in which participants learned integrated mind-body training, increased activity in the anterior cingulate was associated with

In a brain imaging study in which participants learned integrated mind-body training, increased activity in the anterior cingulate was associated with



a. a feeling of floating.

b. increased control over parasympathetic nervous system responses.

c. the ability to stop the heart for up to 30 seconds.

d. negative affectivity.



Answer: b

According to your textbook, which of the following is true about the use of biofeedback for reducing stress?

According to your textbook, which of the following is true about the use of biofeedback for reducing stress?



a. Biofeedback is not effective for reducing stress.

b. Biofeedback is the most effective therapy for reducing stress.

c. Simple relaxation techniques appear as effective as biofeedback.

d. Biofeedback is effective for reducing stress, but is considered unethical by many therapists.



Answer: c

Guadalupe has been having a lot of stress at work recently, and she has spoken to a therapist about how to better handle her anxiety. Her therapist suggests that she try _________ meditation, which involves focusing exclusively on a single object, internal sound, or her own breathing.

Guadalupe has been having a lot of stress at work recently, and she has spoken to a therapist about how to better handle her anxiety. Her therapist suggests that she try _________ meditation, which involves focusing exclusively on a single object, internal sound, or her own breathing.



a. concentrative

b. meditative

c. expressive

d. awareness



Answer: a

Optimism is linked with ______________.

Optimism is linked with ______________.



a. better physical health

b. higher mortality rate

c. genetic inheritance

d. racial and ethnic background



Answer: a

Petra has suffered several setbacks in the last year, including breaking up with her boyfriend and losing her job. Petra did not let these setbacks negatively affect her life for long and recovered from them quickly. Which trait does Petra best illustrate?

Petra has suffered several setbacks in the last year, including breaking up with her boyfriend and losing her job. Petra did not let these setbacks negatively affect her life for long and recovered from them quickly. Which trait does Petra best illustrate?



a. learned helplessness

b. resilience

c. optimism

d. negative affectivity



Answer: b

Derek sits in his therapist's office while attached to a heart rate monitor with a digital display. When Derek becomes anxious and his heart rate increases, his therapist instructs him to concentrate on lowering the rate displayed on the device. This is an example of using ________________ as part of anxiety therapy.

Derek sits in his therapist's office while attached to a heart rate monitor with a digital display. When Derek becomes anxious and his heart rate increases, his therapist instructs him to concentrate on lowering the rate displayed on the device. This is an example of using ________________ as part of anxiety therapy.



a. integrated mind-body training

b. concentrative meditation

c. biofeedback

d. mindfulness



Answer: c

When looking at a glass that is neither completely full nor completely empty, a(n) __________ might say "that glass is half full," while a(n) ____________ might say " no, that glass is half empty!"

When looking at a glass that is neither completely full nor completely empty, a(n) __________ might say "that glass is half full," while a(n) ____________ might say " no, that glass is half empty!"



a. pessimist; optimist

b. realist; pessimist

c. optimist; realist

d. optimist; pessimist



Answer: d

A(n) ___________ coping strategy is more suited to situations with identifiable solutions. In contrast, a(n) ___________ coping strategy is more suited to situations without clear solutions.

A(n) ___________ coping strategy is more suited to situations with identifiable solutions. In contrast, a(n) ___________ coping strategy is more suited to situations without clear solutions.



a. negative; positive

b. positive; negative

c. emotional; problem-solving

d. problem-solving; emotional



Answer: d

John is the type of person who wants everything done perfectly the first time. When playing a game, he feels like he must win. He is easily provoked to anger, but he is also readily ambitious. Based on these traits, John must be a _____________.

John is the type of person who wants everything done perfectly the first time. When playing a game, he feels like he must win. He is easily provoked to anger, but he is also readily ambitious. Based on these traits, John must be a _____________.



a. Type D personality

b. Type A personality

c. Type B personality

d. Type T personality



Answer: b

Rosalie is a rather easy-going kind of woman. She works hard when she's at the office, but she refuses to do more than 40 hours of work per week. She knows that she could earn more money if she worked harder but she really values time at home with her husband and children. She likes to garden, listen to music, and sip wine while sitting on her deck during a sunset. Rosalie even turns off her cell phone during the weekends so that she won't be bothered. Rosalie has a __________ personality.

Rosalie is a rather easy-going kind of woman. She works hard when she's at the office, but she refuses to do more than 40 hours of work per week. She knows that she could earn more money if she worked harder but she really values time at home with her husband and children. She likes to garden, listen to music, and sip wine while sitting on her deck during a sunset. Rosalie even turns off her cell phone during the weekends so that she won't be bothered. Rosalie has a __________ personality.



a. Type A

b. Type AB

c. Type B

d. Type C



Answer: c

Which of the following statements regarding ulcers is true?

Which of the following statements regarding ulcers is true?



a. Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that lives in stomach acid and causes stomach ulcers.

b. Stress is the primary cause of ulcers.

c. Spicy foods and an unhealthy diet are the primary causes of ulcers.

d. Ulcers are uniquely genetic and stress has nothing to do with the symptoms of ulcers.



Answer: a

Julie has a serious disorder of the immune system that is life-threatening and incurable. This is a condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus attacks and damages the immune system. Julie has ______________.

Julie has a serious disorder of the immune system that is life-threatening and incurable. This is a condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus attacks and damages the immune system. Julie has ______________.



a. multiple sclerosis

b. Alzheimer's disease

c. acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

d. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)



Answer: c

Which of the following is true about HIV/AIDS and stress?

Which of the following is true about HIV/AIDS and stress?



a. Stress can reduce the effectiveness of vaccination and antiretroviral treatments for HIV/AIDS.

b. Surprisingly, moderate stress actually suppresses HIV in the body.

c. Stress can affect those who have AIDS, but has little effect on people who have not developed AIDS but are HIV positive.

d. Stress has little to no effect on HIV/AIDS.



Answer: a

Research suggests that two ways in which cancer patients can potentially slow the disease's progressions are

Research suggests that two ways in which cancer patients can potentially slow the disease's progressions are



a. stimulating the body's fight-or-flight response and guided imagery

b. strenuous exercise and stimulating the HPA axis

c. allowing themselves to become angry about having cancer and accepting that they will probably die.

d. learning anger management techniques and being optimistic



Answer: d

People living under stressful conditions tend to get sick more often than they would otherwise. How do researchers in psychoneuroimmunology explain this phenomenon?

People living under stressful conditions tend to get sick more often than they would otherwise. How do researchers in psychoneuroimmunology explain this phenomenon?



a. The stress response reduces immune system functioning, thus making us more vulnerable to diseases.

b. The stress response in the long run leads to a lowering of the heart rate, which makes the heart inefficient.

c. The stress response makes muscles stronger, which places a greater burden on the heart and respiratory systems.

d. The body tends to adapt to the constant call for the stress response and, thus, future responses are not as strong as before.



Answer: a

Men who experience ongoing stress are at a much higher risk of developing coronary heart disease compared to other men. How is chronic stress believed to contribute directly to heart disease?

Men who experience ongoing stress are at a much higher risk of developing coronary heart disease compared to other men. How is chronic stress believed to contribute directly to heart disease?



a. Stress hormones slow down heart rate, decreasing circulation and allowing plaques to build up.

b. Stress overstimulates heart tissue, which leads to damage.

c. Stress hormones block the absorption of oxygen into the blood, leading to enlargement of the heart.

d. Stress stimulates the immune system's inflammatory response, which leads to the development of plaques.



Answer: d

Jamie has worked for the Jones & Miller law firm for the past five years. The firm is in the process of downsizing and laying off employees. Jamie is afraid that she may lose her job. To help deal with this stressful situation, Jamie tends to rely on her social contacts for support, in addition to nurturing those around her. This is known as _____________ response.

Jamie has worked for the Jones & Miller law firm for the past five years. The firm is in the process of downsizing and laying off employees. Jamie is afraid that she may lose her job. To help deal with this stressful situation, Jamie tends to rely on her social contacts for support, in addition to nurturing those around her. This is known as _____________ response.



a. fight-or-flight

b. tend-and-befriend

c. reliance-and-coping

d. friend-or-relationship



Answer: b

Which of the following individuals would be most likely to engage a "tend-and-befriend" approach to dealing with significant stress in their life?

Which of the following individuals would be most likely to engage a "tend-and-befriend" approach to dealing with significant stress in their life?



a. Dante, who is 75-years old, single, and retired from a long career in the Navy.

b. Christopher, who is 42 years old, married, and works long hours to support his family.

c. Chantel, who is a 37-year old single mother living with her son and two roommates.

d. Tamal, who is a 14-year old first-generation Indian-American middle-school student living with his grandparents.



Answer: c

The HPA axis is a system activated to

The HPA axis is a system activated to



a. carry messages from special receptors in the skin to the brain.

b. control the sensory and motor nerves.

c. energize the body to respond to stressors.

d. relax the body and help it conserve energy.



Answer: c

The "HPA" axis is an abbreviation for:

The "HPA" axis is an abbreviation for:



a. hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal.

b. hormonal-pubertal-adrenal circuit.

c. hippocampus-pituitary-amygdala circuit.

d. heritable-peripheral-adrenal cortex.


Answer: a

For the past six months, Dahlia's job has been extremely stressful, but she doesn't feel that she can quit because she needs the money for tuition. Dahlia has been having chronic headaches and is behind in all of her classes. According to Hans Selye, Dahlia is in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

For the past six months, Dahlia's job has been extremely stressful, but she doesn't feel that she can quit because she needs the money for tuition. Dahlia has been having chronic headaches and is behind in all of her classes. According to Hans Selye, Dahlia is in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.



a. alarm

b. collapse

c. exhaustion

d. resistance



Answer: c

According to Cannon, the "fight-or-flight response" is

According to Cannon, the "fight-or-flight response" is



a. a general response to many different types of stressors.

b. a response to physical stressors, but not other types of stressors such as social or cognitive stressors.

c. an extreme form of the stress response that only occurs in life-threatening emergences.

d. a coping strategy.



Answer: a

Kenya is experiencing absolutely no stress while taking a test. What effect is this most likely to have on her performance, and why?

Kenya is experiencing absolutely no stress while taking a test. What effect is this most likely to have on her performance, and why?



a. It will improve her grade because she will experience less distraction.

b. It will improve her grade because she will be able to recall information more easily.

c. It will lower her grade because her arousal level will be low.

d. It will lower her grade because suppressing stress taxes cognitive resources.



Answer: c

Which of the following is true about stress?

Which of the following is true about stress?



a. Any amount of stress is detrimental and should be avoided.

b. High levels of stress generally improve performance.

c. Stress facilitates performing complex tasks more than it does simple tasks.

d. Low levels of stress can be motivating.



Answer: d

Imagine that you have just flunked a class. You evaluate this situation and decide that flunking a class is stressful and important enough to be upset about. Next you decide to repeat the class in summer school. You have made _________________.

Imagine that you have just flunked a class. You evaluate this situation and decide that flunking a class is stressful and important enough to be upset about. Next you decide to repeat the class in summer school. You have made _________________.


a. a primary appraisal only

b. both a primary and a secondary appraisal

c. a stress-related decision

d. a hassle-related decision



Answer: b

After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor, we must decide how we will deal with it and what resources are available for coping. This process is called ______________.

After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor, we must decide how we will deal with it and what resources are available for coping. This process is called ______________.



a. primary appraisal

b. secondary appraisal

c. tertiary appraisal

d. distress-eustress dichotomy



Answer: b

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between stress and major life events?

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between stress and major life events?



a. Research has shown that the stress caused by positive life events is nearly non-existent when compared to the stress caused by negative or bad life events.

b. Major life events can cause significant stress, even if they are good or positive life events.

c. Research has demonstrated that getting married, having a child, and losing a job are, in that order, the top three stressors reported by most adults.

d. Major life events can be more easily described as daily hassles.



Answer: b

According to its developers, a person who has a higher score on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than people with lower scores to have ___________ in the near future.

According to its developers, a person who has a higher score on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than people with lower scores to have ___________ in the near future.



a. more frequent changes of job

b. a divorce

c. commission of a crime

d. a higher chance of becoming ill



Answer: d

According to Lazarus and Folkman, our first task when faced with a potential stressor is to determine whether it is a challenge or threat. This evaluation is referred to as _____________.

According to Lazarus and Folkman, our first task when faced with a potential stressor is to determine whether it is a challenge or threat. This evaluation is referred to as _____________.



a. primary appraisal

b. secondary appraisal

c. stress-related decision

d. hassle-related decision



Answer: a

Miranda is questioning whether her upcoming business trip, where she must travel through an area with many mountains, will pose a danger for her. As such, this example illustrates _______________.

Miranda is questioning whether her upcoming business trip, where she must travel through an area with many mountains, will pose a danger for her. As such, this example illustrates _______________.



a. a stress reaction

b. coping

c. primary appraisal

d. secondary appraisal



Answer: c

Overtime, groups of people who interact regularly can become increasingly similar in terms of body weight, smoking habits, and even happiness. This increased similarity is likely due to ____________.

Overtime, groups of people who interact regularly can become increasingly similar in terms of body weight, smoking habits, and even happiness. This increased similarity is likely due to ____________.



a. genetic factors

b. social contagion

c. set point changes

d. coincidence



Answer: b

Which of the following is true about health effects of marriage on men and women?

Which of the following is true about health effects of marriage on men and women?


a. Both men and women typically benefit equally from the marriage.

b. While both men and women benefit from the marriage, men typically experience the greater health benefits.

c. While both the men and women benefit from marriage, women typically experience the greater health benefits.

d. Men are more likely to benefit, while women are more likely to have a small decrease in health as a result of marrying.



Answer: b

Larry and Kim just got married. Although every marriage is different, how is their marriage most likely to affect their health?

Larry and Kim just got married. Although every marriage is different, how is their marriage most likely to affect their health?



a. Larry's health will benefit from the marriage while Kim's health with suffer.

b. Kim's health will benefit from the marriage while Larry's health with suffer.

c. Both Larry and Kim will benefit, but Larry will benefit more.

d. Both Larry and Kim will benefit, but Kim will benefit more.



Answer: c

Which of the following may explain why the health benefit of heterosexual marriage is different for men versus women?

Which of the following may explain why the health benefit of heterosexual marriage is different for men versus women?



a. Women tend to recognize and support the health of others more than men.

b. Men tend to be more protective of their spouse than women.

c. Women experience more stress in a marriage than men .

d. Women are more likely to engage in risky behaviour if they are married.



Answer: a

Which of the following is true about discrimination?



a. Experiencing discrimination has short-, but not long-term effects on health.

b. Discrimination has a long-term effect on mental health, but not physical health.

c. Discrimination has a long-term effect on physical health, but not mental health.

d. Discrimination has a long-term effect on both physical and mental health.



Answer: d

Dr. Benno leaves his practice in a wealthy suburb and begins seeing patients at a clinic in a poor urban area. What can he expect will be the difference between his new patients and his former ones?

Dr. Benno leaves his practice in a wealthy suburb and begins seeing patients at a clinic in a poor urban area. What can he expect will be the difference between his new patients and his former ones?



a. The new patients will be generally in worse health.

b. The new patients will have less stress because many are unemployed.

c. The new patients will have more stress but lower mortality rates.

d. The new patients will be less likely to suffer from diseases associated with high-pressure lives, like heart disease.



Answer: a

In a study described in your textbook, psychologists studied students who lived in poorly designed and crowded dormitories. By comparing these students to others who had better accommodations, the psychologists determined that the stressful living conditions caused the students to

In a study described in your textbook, psychologists studied students who lived in poorly designed and crowded dormitories. By comparing these students to others who had better accommodations, the psychologists determined that the stressful living conditions caused the students to



a. become emotionally closer to the other students sharing the same space.

b. focus their anger onto one or two "scapegoats."

c. develop emotional coping strategies.

d. lose their sense of control and feel helpless.



Answer: d

Jim likes to watch TV and Jim's twin brother, John, likes to go on social networking sites online. What is likely to be true of the two brothers?

Jim likes to watch TV and Jim's twin brother, John, likes to go on social networking sites online. What is likely to be true of the two brothers?



a. They will weigh the same.

b. John will weigh more than Jim, but they will both be overweight

c. Jim is more likely to be obese than John..

d. John is more likely to be obese than Jim.



Answer: d

According to your textbook, why do some researchers question the role of a physiological set point in making it difficult for people to lose excess weight?

According to your textbook, why do some researchers question the role of a physiological set point in making it difficult for people to lose excess weight?



a. The body's metabolic rate is fixed and does not change.

b. The difficulty in losing excess weight is greatly exaggerated.

c. Lower activity levels associated with weight gain appears to explain the difficulty of weight loss better than set point theory.

d. Set point theory assumes that a person's set point cannot change.



Answer: c

The body mass index allows people to

The body mass index allows people to



a. calculate how many calories they should eat each day.

b. calculate a healthy body weight for their height.

c. determine whether they have a positive or negative energy balance.

d. determine their set point



Answer: b

What do twin and adoption studies indicate about the role of genes in body weight?

What do twin and adoption studies indicate about the role of genes in body weight?



a. Genes account for between 50% and 90% of the variation in body weight.

b. Genes account for a moderate 15-20% of the variation in body weight.

c. Genes only account for 5-10% of the variation in body weight.

d. Body weight is not influenced by genes.



Answer: a

Some researchers believe that the body has mechanisms to keep your body weight within a small range. For example, if you began eating more calories than usual, your body may increase its energy expenditure to keep your weight within the range. This range is referred to as the body's ___________.

Some researchers believe that the body has mechanisms to keep your body weight within a small range. For example, if you began eating more calories than usual, your body may increase its energy expenditure to keep your weight within the range. This range is referred to as the body's ___________.



a. mass index

b. set point

c. energy balance

d. resistance point



Answer: b

Patrick decided to lose weight by dieting. He found that it was relatively easy to lose the first 18 pounds or so, but after that, he felt his body was fighting his effort to lose more weight. Patrick's experience is consistent with the concept of _______________.

Patrick decided to lose weight by dieting. He found that it was relatively easy to lose the first 18 pounds or so, but after that, he felt his body was fighting his effort to lose more weight. Patrick's experience is consistent with the concept of _______________.



a. positive energy balance

b. the general adaptation syndrome

c. extinction

d. a set point



Answer: d

Kendra goes to the doctor's office for a physical. After measuring Kendra's weight and height, the doctor enters the data into a mathematical formula and then tells Kendra that she is overweight. The doctor most likely used the formula to calculate Kendra's ________________.

Kendra goes to the doctor's office for a physical. After measuring Kendra's weight and height, the doctor enters the data into a mathematical formula and then tells Kendra that she is overweight. The doctor most likely used the formula to calculate Kendra's ________________.



a. body mass index

b. positive energy balance

c. set point

d. obesity rate



Answer: a

Which of the following has been the MOST DIFFICULT for health psychologists to demonstrate through research?

Which of the following has been the MOST DIFFICULT for health psychologists to demonstrate through research?



a. Smoking is correlated with watching movie stars smoke.

b. Watching movie stars smoke causes adolescents to smoke.

c. Adolescents who smoke identify with movie stars who smoke.

d. Adolescents who smoke are exposed to more smoking in movies



Answer: b

Which of the following best describes the current research on whether smoking in movies contributes to adolescent smoking?

Which of the following best describes the current research on whether smoking in movies contributes to adolescent smoking?



a. The research clearly indicates that exposure to smoking in movies causes adolescents to smoke more.

b. There is no significant connection between adolescent smoking and watching smoking in movies.

c. Correlational research suggests that adolescent smoking and movies are related, but it has been difficult to establish the nature of this correlation.

d. Smoking causes adolescents to prefer movies in which the protagonist smokes.



Answer: c

During a Girl Scout picnic, Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on the opposing team. Before the game started, both Lavinia and Carla were convinced that their own team was the better one. The girls' reactions best illustrate

During a Girl Scout picnic, Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on the opposing team. Before the game started, both Lavinia and Carla were convinced that their own team was the better one. The girls' reactions best illustrate



a. the fundamental attribution error.

b. deindividuation.

c. the reciprocity norm.

d. ingroup bias.



Answer: d

When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, she had a flat tire on a busy freeway and an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates

When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, she had a flat tire on a busy freeway and an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates



a. the fundamental attribution error.

b. the mere exposure effect.

c. group polarization.

d. the bystander effect.



Answer: d

When 12-year-old Jack saw an old man lying on the sidewalk in apparent discomfort, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in

When 12-year-old Jack saw an old man lying on the sidewalk in apparent discomfort, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in



a. the mere exposure effect.

b. the fundamental attribution error.

c. social loafing.

d. the bystander effect.



Answer: d

Colin and Erin are waiting to meet with their caterer so that they can discuss the menu for their wedding. The caterer is thirty minutes late and still hasn't arrived. Colin suggests the caterer is probably delayed because of traffic. Colin's attribution can be characterized as a

Colin and Erin are waiting to meet with their caterer so that they can discuss the menu for their wedding. The caterer is thirty minutes late and still hasn't arrived. Colin suggests the caterer is probably delayed because of traffic. Colin's attribution can be characterized as a



a. personal attribution.

b. situational attribution.

c. counterfactual attribution.

d. correspondent attribution.



Answer: b

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because



a. the "learners" made so few learning errors under stressful circumstances.

b. the "teachers" actually enjoyed shocking another person.

c. the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted.

d. the "learners" obediently accepted painful shocks without any protest.



Answer: c

Freire did very poorly on his last arithmetic test. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his sixth-grade teacher to conclude that Freire did poorly because

Freire did very poorly on his last arithmetic test. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his sixth-grade teacher to conclude that Freire did poorly because



a. he is unmotivated to do well in school.

b. the test covered material that had not been adequately covered in class.

c. his parents had an argument that evening before the test.

d. he was not given enough time to complete the test.



Answer: a

Which scenario best demonstrates the fundamental attribution error?

Which scenario best demonstrates the fundamental attribution error?



a. Dorothy thinks that a coworker is late because he overslept.

b. Craig thinks that his classmate must have gotten a poor grade on an exam because the exam was too difficult.

c. Blanche believes that the driver of the speeding vehicle must be responding to an emergency situation.

d. Tom laughs at a friend who trips over a shoe because she falls in such a dramatic way.



Answer: a

In which scenario would an individual be most likely to conform by giving the same response as the confederates?

In which scenario would an individual be most likely to conform by giving the same response as the confederates?



a. 12 confederates give the same answer and one confederate provides the correct response.

b. 8 confederates give the same answer and one provides a different but also incorrect response.

c. 4 confederates give the same answer and all of the responses are the same.

d. 2 confederates give the same answer and one provides another answer that is incorrect.



Answer: c

In 1986, the space shuttle Challenger was launched despite warnings of danger from NASA engineers that parts might malfunction due to weather conditions. Which concept best characterizes the decision to go ahead with the launch?

In 1986, the space shuttle Challenger was launched despite warnings of danger from NASA engineers that parts might malfunction due to weather conditions. Which concept best characterizes the decision to go ahead with the launch?



a. conformity

b. groupthink

c. obedience

d. group polarization



Answer: b

What did Milgram discover through his classic studies on obedience?

What did Milgram discover through his classic studies on obedience?



a. Obedience decreases as the psychological distance between teacher and experimenter increases.

b. Obedience increases as the psychological distance between teacher and learner decreases.

c. Obedience decreases as the psychological distance between the teacher and learner increases.

d. Obedience increases as the psychological distance between teacher and experimenter increases.



Answer: a

People won't help when there are many bystanders due to

People won't help when there are many bystanders due to



a. of diffusion of responsibility.

b. people are egoistic.

c. people like to see others hurt.

d. people are not altruistic.



Answer: a

According to research, the larger the group, the

According to research, the larger the group, the



a. safer you are.

b. more likely you are to receive help.

c. more likely you are to give assistance.

d. less likely you are to give or receive help.



Answer: d

According to research, prejudice is reduced when people must

According to research, prejudice is reduced when people must



a. come into contact with one another.

b. change their attitudes and behaviours.

c. cooperate with one another to achieve a goal.

d. live together



Answer: c

Stereotypes can easily become the basis for ________.

Stereotypes can easily become the basis for ________.



a. primary drives

b. negating the primacy effect

c. self-fulfilling prophecies

d. the development of unifying traits



Answer: c

The fundamental attribution error refers to

The fundamental attribution error refers to



a. people's tendencies to ignore situational causes of behaviour and favour internal explanations.

b. people's tendencies to ignore internal causes of behaviour and favour external explanations.

c. people's tendencies to deal with someone else's behaviour without trying to figure out what made them behave that way.

d. people's tendencies to go along with the majority opinion in deciding what caused an event rather than reasoning it out for themselves.



Answer: a

The fundamental attribution error is based on the

The fundamental attribution error is based on the



a. confirmatory bias.

b. need to believe that one can control one's fate.

c. basic distrust that we have of other humans.

d. need to accurately detect causes of behaviour.



Answer: d

Groupthink can be avoided by

Groupthink can be avoided by



a. having a strong leader.

b. inviting outsiders to give their opinions.

c. striving for a consensus among members.

d. having bright, well-informed members.



Answer: b

A very cohesive group, insulated from outside opinion, with a respected leader, must make a decision quickly. As they deliberate, this group should be especially aware of the phenomenon called

A very cohesive group, insulated from outside opinion, with a respected leader, must make a decision quickly. As they deliberate, this group should be especially aware of the phenomenon called



a. deindividuation.

b. social facilitation.

c. groupthink.

d. group polarization.



Answer: c

Which of the following is an example of conformity?

Which of the following is an example of conformity?



a. A soldier shoots enemy women and children on orders from his commanding officer.

b. A policeman beats a prisoner to force a confession on orders of his commanding officer.

c. Passengers move to the back of the bus as soon as the driver tells them to.

d. Stan has thrown away all of his old ties and bought new ones to "be in style."



Answer: d

Even though Jane thought it was wrong to take from others, she didn't want to be rejected by her peers, so she began shoplifting along with them. Jane probably experienced _______ when she stole.

Even though Jane thought it was wrong to take from others, she didn't want to be rejected by her peers, so she began shoplifting along with them. Jane probably experienced _______ when she stole.



a. the fundamental attribution error

b. reactance

c. central route change

d. cognitive dissonance



Answer: d

To conform is to yield to __________.

To conform is to yield to __________.



a. social norms

b. cognitive dissonance

c. secondary processes

d. response cues



Answer: a

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