How do you solve the problem of 'order effects' in a within-subjects design?

How do you solve the problem of 'order effects' in a within-subjects design?

Answer: by counterbalancing.

If an extraneous variable is causing differences between groups, what would this be called?

If an extraneous variable is causing differences between groups, what would this be called?

Answer: A confounding variable.

What could cause a third unknown factor influencing you're results?

What could cause a third unknown factor influencing you're results?

Answer: If participants have not been randomly assigned to groups, there may be subject variables that are influencing the groups.

Which type of experiment does not allow you to explain the results?

Which type of experiment does not allow you to explain the results?

Answer: Quasi experiment, as the factors are not able to be manipulated by the experimenter.

Which type of experiment allows you to explain and predict you're results?

Which type of experiment allows you to explain and predict you're results?

Answer: True experiment

What is counterbalancing?

What is counterbalancing?

Answer: An attempt to control for the effects of order in a repeated measures design: half the participants experience the conditions in one order, and the other half in the opposite order.
The two groups are split - hald experiencing one condition, while half experience the other.
Practice effects will be averaged out.

What is a practice effect?

What is a practice effect?

Answer: Never done task before, over time become better at the task.
By the time you get to sleep deprived condition, able to perform the task because has had practice.

What is an 'order effect'?

What is an 'order effect'?

Answer: The order in which participants experience the levels.
By the last task is performed participants may feel sick of it, may not be performing with fall attention which can effect the results.

How is a within-subjects design a solution to the problem of increase in error variance/extraneous subject variables?

How is a within-subjects design a solution to the problem of increase in error variance/extraneous subject variables?

Answer: Because participants are experiencing all levels of the IV, it is easier to detect differences between the conditions.
The characteristics each person is bringing into the experiment is going to be consistent across all the levels of IV.

Why is it that between subjects design may have an increase in error variance?

Why is it that between subjects design may have an increase in error variance?

Answer: Because participants are experiencing different levels/conditions, it becomes harder to detect the differences in the design that may be producing error variance.

What is the difficulty when it comes to an increase in error variance in between-subjects design?

What is the difficulty when it comes to an increase in error variance in between-subjects design?

Answer: It is hard to determine whether the error is from the general variability of performance of particpants, or if it has been created due to our own manipulations within the experiment.

What does participant variability lead to in between subjects design?

What does participant variability lead to in between subjects design?

Answer: Increase in error variance - going to make it harder to determine whether error variance is arising from the general variability all people have within experiments or if it has been due to our manipulation.

What is a way in stopping the 'order effect' within a within-subjects design?

What is a way in stopping the 'order effect' within a within-subjects design?

Answer: Can stop this through counterbalancing.

What is a problem with a within-subject design?

What is a problem with a within-subject design?

Answer: Order effects.
The order in which participants experience the levels.
By the last task is performed participants may feel sick of it, may not be performing with fall attention which can effect the results.

What is the benefit of a within-subjects design?

What is the benefit of a within-subjects design?

Answer: it reduces error variance by making it easier to detect small systematic differences between treatment conditions.

What is a within-subjects design?

What is a within-subjects design?

Answer: Each subject is tested in every level of the IV.
They are experiencing all the experimental factors of the experiment.

Does random assignment and matching eliminate confounding variables?

Does random assignment and matching eliminate confounding variables?

Answer: No.
No matter what we do people are always going to behave or react differently to different stimuli.

What could be a problem in making subject variables a control variable?

What could be a problem in making subject variables a control variable?

Answer: It reduces the generalissimo of the statements we can make about our experiment.
Can say the results apply to ONLY females.

What is another way to control for extraneous subject variables that have potential to become confounds?

What is another way to control for extraneous subject variables that have potential to become confounds?

Answer: To make the potential subject variable a control variable.
E.g If gender might have an impact on the study, then could make the study only females.

What is a confounding variable?

What is a confounding variable?

Answer: a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment and be influencing the results.
E.g too much males in one experimental group, could change the effect of one of the IV's so not able to see true results.