Studies that employ elaborate deceptions are becoming less common. Which of the following is NOT a reason for this reduction?
a. Ethics committees review proposals more carefully and are less likely to allow studies that involve deception.
b. The use of deception has become too expensive to employ.
c. More researchers have become interested in cognitive variables rather than emotions, and tend to use methods which do not require deception.
d. An increase in the awareness of ethical issues involved in using deception has led researchers to conduct studies in other ways.
Answer: The use of deception has become too expensive to employ.