Glucose enters the PCT via __________.
Answer: Na+ glucose symporter
Glucose enters the PCT via __________.
Answer: Na+ glucose symporter
Answer: Na+ glucose symporter
In the respiratory response of the physiological delayed-action buffer system, CO2 mixes with water in the blood to form_________.
In the respiratory response of the physiological delayed-action buffer system, CO2 mixes with water in the blood to form_________.
Answer: carbonic acid- H2CO3
Under normal conditions, 100% of filtered glucose, amino acid, lactic acid, water soluble vitamins, and other nutrients are reabsorbed in the first half of the PCT by ____________.
Under normal conditions, 100% of filtered glucose, amino acid, lactic acid, water soluble vitamins, and other nutrients are reabsorbed in the first half of the PCT by ____________.
Answer: Sodium symporters
In the phosphate buffer system, if pH falls, monohydrogen phosphate (HPO4 2-) acts as a weak acid.
In the phosphate buffer system, if pH falls, monohydrogen phosphate (HPO4 2-) acts as a weak acid.
Answer: False
Facultative water reabsorption is regulated by ADH adapting to the body's needs if the individual is dehydrated or hydrated.
Facultative water reabsorption is regulated by ADH adapting to the body's needs if the individual is dehydrated or hydrated.
Answer: True
The the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, if pH rises ______ functions as a weak acid adding hydrogen ions to restore the body's pH.
The the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, if pH rises ______ functions as a weak acid adding hydrogen ions to restore the body's pH.
Answer: Carbonic acid -H2CO3
About 90% of water reabsorption by the kidneys occurs with which of the following solutes?
About 90% of water reabsorption by the kidneys occurs with which of the following solutes?
A. sodium
B. chloride
C. glucose
D. all the above
Answer: D
As blood flows through the systemic capillaries, CO2 is released from tissues into the RBC's, combines with H2O forming ________.
As blood flows through the systemic capillaries, CO2 is released from tissues into the RBC's, combines with H2O forming ________.
Answer: H2CO3
Paracellular reabsorption occurs via ________.
Paracellular reabsorption occurs via ________.
Answer: Diffusion
Hemoglobin is a good buffer and especially important during exercise, and falls under the category of a __________ buffer system.
Hemoglobin is a good buffer and especially important during exercise, and falls under the category of a __________ buffer system.
Answer: Protein
(T/F) Transport mechanisms are important for reabsorbing sodium ions, as well as other electrolytes, nutrients and water.
(T/F) Transport mechanisms are important for reabsorbing sodium ions, as well as other electrolytes, nutrients and water.
Answer: True
__________ is when water and solutes in tubular fluid return to circulation by passing through the tubule.
__________ is when water and solutes in tubular fluid return to circulation by passing through the tubule.
Answer: Transcellular reabsorption
In the protein buffer system, when pH falls, ______ dissociates and acts like a base to restore the body's pH.
In the protein buffer system, when pH falls, ______ dissociates and acts like a base to restore the body's pH.
A. carboxyl group
B. carbonic acid
C. free amino acid group
Answer: C
Tubular reabsorption transfer materials from blood and tubule cells and helps control blood pH as well as elimination of metabolic and toxic waste.
Tubular reabsorption transfer materials from blood and tubule cells and helps control blood pH as well as elimination of metabolic and toxic waste.
A. true
B. false
Answer: B
Buffer systems of the body prevent rapid, drastic changes in pH of the body fluid.
Buffer systems of the body prevent rapid, drastic changes in pH of the body fluid.
A. true
B. false
Answer: A
In the autoregulation of GFR, which of the following is part of the renal autoregulation?
In the autoregulation of GFR, which of the following is part of the renal autoregulation?
A. hormonal
B. neural
C. tubuloglomerular feedback
Answer: C
The buffer system of the body are extremely effective on maintaining the body's pH within a very narrow range of __________.
The buffer system of the body are extremely effective on maintaining the body's pH within a very narrow range of __________.
A. 7.25-7.35
B. 7.36-7.40
C. 7.0-7.40
D. 7.5-7.6
Answer: B
A normal adult produces roughly ______ liters of filtrate per day.
A normal adult produces roughly ______ liters of filtrate per day.
A. 125
B. 75
C. 180
D. 200
Answer: C
Which of the following statement is true if there is an increase in hydrogen ions in the body's fluid?
Which of the following statement is true if there is an increase in hydrogen ions in the body's fluid?
A. decrease in pH, increased acidity
B. increase in pH, increased alkalinity
C. decrease in pH, decrease acidity
D. no change in pH
Answer: A
Which of the following NOT a mechanism that regulates glomerular filtration rate?
Which of the following NOT a mechanism that regulates glomerular filtration rate?
A. symporter membrane proteins
B. alteration of glomerular capillary surface
C. flow of blood into & out of glomerulus
Answer: A
Which one of the following increases hydrogen ion concentration in the body?
Which one of the following increases hydrogen ion concentration in the body?
A. fat metabolism
B. anaerobic respiration of glucose
C. protein breakdown
D. all the above
Answer: D
Which formula gives a net filtration pressure of 10 mmHg?
Which formula gives a net filtration pressure of 10 mmHg?
A. BCOP - GBPH- CHP = 10 mmHg
B. CHP - GBHP - BCOP =10 mmHg
C. GBHP - CHP- BCOP = 10 mmHg
Answer: C
The normal pH of extracellular fluid is _________.
The normal pH of extracellular fluid is _________.
A. 7.15-7.25
B. 7.1-7.2
C. 7.35-7.45
D. 6.35-6.45
Answer: C
Glomerular filtration depends on three main pressure and _______ oppose filtration at 30mmHg.
Glomerular filtration depends on three main pressure and _______ oppose filtration at 30mmHg.
A. glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure
B. blood colloid osmotic pressure
C. capsular hydrostatic pressure
Answer: B
The precise regulation of pH at the cellular level is necessary for survival.
The precise regulation of pH at the cellular level is necessary for survival.
A.true
B. false
Answer: A
Excretion of a solute equals glomerular filtration plus reabsorption minus secretion.
Excretion of a solute equals glomerular filtration plus reabsorption minus secretion.
A. true
B. false
Answer: B
________, a deficiency of potassium, can cause muscle fatigue, mental confusion, increased urine output, and shallow respiration.
________, a deficiency of potassium, can cause muscle fatigue, mental confusion, increased urine output, and shallow respiration.
A. hypochloremia
B. hyponatremia
C. hypojakemia
D. hyocalcemia
Answer: C
Which one of the following enhance the filtration capacity of the renal corpuscle?
Which one of the following enhance the filtration capacity of the renal corpuscle?
A. high hlomerular capillary BP
B. larger surface area
C. thin & porous filtration membrane
D. all the above
Answer: D
Water intoxication occurs when excess body water causes cells to swell dangerously.
Water intoxication occurs when excess body water causes cells to swell dangerously.
A. true
B. false
Answer: A
In this mechanism of urine formation, substances are moved from the filtrate back into the blood, and into circulation.
In this mechanism of urine formation, substances are moved from the filtrate back into the blood, and into circulation.
A. glomerular filtration
B. tubular secretion
C. tubular reabsorption
Answer: C
______ is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space and may impair tissue function.
______ is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space and may impair tissue function.
A. dehydration
B. hypotonic hyrdation
C. Edema
Answer: C
Approx 180 liters of filtrate is formed per day by the kidneys, but ________ leaves the body as urine.
Approx 180 liters of filtrate is formed per day by the kidneys, but ________ leaves the body as urine.
A. <.01%
B. <3%
C. <1%
D. <2.5%
Answer: C
_____ is a craving for abnormal, non-food substance such as chalk, clay, or starch and may be indication of an iron deficiency.
_____ is a craving for abnormal, non-food substance such as chalk, clay, or starch and may be indication of an iron deficiency.
A. pica
B. anorexia
C. bulimia
D. hyponatremia
Answer: A
____ is the result of renal insufficiency or an excessive intake of water, and is a hallmark of hyponatremia.
____ is the result of renal insufficiency or an excessive intake of water, and is a hallmark of hyponatremia.
A. Edema
B. Dehydration
C. hypotonic hydration
Answer: C
ADH secretion is promoted or inhibited by the hypothalamus and responds to change in which of the following?
ADH secretion is promoted or inhibited by the hypothalamus and responds to change in which of the following?
A. vascular baroreceptors
B. large change in blood volume or pressure
C. solute concentration of ECF
D. All the above
Answer: D
Which one of the following absorbs solutes and water?
Which one of the following absorbs solutes and water?
A. afferent arteriole
B. vasa recta
C. glomerulus
D. peritubular capillaries
Answer: D
A minimum of __________ milliliters of sensible water loss in urine is necessary to flush urine solutes.
A minimum of __________ milliliters of sensible water loss in urine is necessary to flush urine solutes.
A. 500
B. 300
C. 600
D. 800
Answer: A
The arterioles feed and drain the glomerulus but maintain a high pressure so filtration produces filtrate.
The arterioles feed and drain the glomerulus but maintain a high pressure so filtration produces filtrate.
A. true
B. false
Answer: A
The thirst mechanism is triggered by which of the following?
The thirst mechanism is triggered by which of the following?
A. moist oral mucosa
B. decreased plasma volume
C. distention of stomach & intestine
D. decreased ECF osmolality
Answer: B
The juxtamedullary nephron has an important role in concentrated urine production.
The juxtamedullary nephron has an important role in concentrated urine production.
A. true
B. false
Answer: A
Water intake occurs through which of the following?
Water intake occurs through which of the following?
A. ingested food
B. cellular metabolism
C. ingested liquids
D. all the above
Answer: D
Three types of cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus help regulate formation of filtrate.Which one of the following act as chemoreceptors that monitor the NaCl content of filtrate?
Three types of cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus help regulate formation of filtrate.Which one of the following act as chemoreceptors that monitor the NaCl content of filtrate?
A. macula densa
B. granular
C. mesangial
D. All the above
Answer: A
The exchange between compartments of interstitial fluid (IF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) occurs across _________.
The exchange between compartments of interstitial fluid (IF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) occurs across _________.
A. capillaries
B. lymphatics
C. plasma membranes
Answer: C
The intercalated cells of the collecting duct are receptors for ADH and aldosterone which help maintain water and sodium balance.
The intercalated cells of the collecting duct are receptors for ADH and aldosterone which help maintain water and sodium balance.
A. true
B. false
Answer: B
_______ is the most abundant ion in the body important for blood coagulation, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone, and excitability of nerves and muscles.
_______ is the most abundant ion in the body important for blood coagulation, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone, and excitability of nerves and muscles.
A. sodium
B. chloride
C. potassium
D. calcium
Answer: D
The __________ has a meandering design that increases the length and enhances the filtration capabilities if this part of the renal tube.
The __________ has a meandering design that increases the length and enhances the filtration capabilities if this part of the renal tube.
A. nephron loop
B. distal convoluted tubule
C. collecting duct
D. proximal convoluted tubule
Answer: B
______ is an important plasma on that the kidneys reabsorb or secrete for final acid-base balance.
______ is an important plasma on that the kidneys reabsorb or secrete for final acid-base balance.
A. Phosphate (PO4 3-)
B. monohydrogen phosphate (HPO4 2-)
C. carbon dioxide (CO2)
D. Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Answer: D
The ______ of the glomerulus allows filtrate to pass into the glomerular capsule space.
The ______ of the glomerulus allows filtrate to pass into the glomerular capsule space.
A. podocytes
B. simple squamous epithelium
C. principle cells
D. juxtaglomerular apparatus
Answer: A
This electrolyte is the most abundant cation in ECF and is important to fluid volume, impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and regulating pH.
This electrolyte is the most abundant cation in ECF and is important to fluid volume, impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and regulating pH.
A. sodium
B. chloride
C. potassium
D. calcium
Answer: C
Which of the following cells helps regulate glomerular filtration?
Which of the following cells helps regulate glomerular filtration?
A. macula densa
B. granular
C. mesangial
D. epithelial
Answer: B
Which of the following electrolytes helps regulate osmotic pressure between compartments and forms hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
Which of the following electrolytes helps regulate osmotic pressure between compartments and forms hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
A. sodium
B. chloride
C. potassium
D. clacium
Answer: B
The renal corpuscle is composed of a "tuft of capillaries" that function to filter blood plasma.
The renal corpuscle is composed of a "tuft of capillaries" that function to filter blood plasma.
A. True
B. False
Answer: A
Which of the following is the most abundant ion in extracellular fluid?
Which of the following is the most abundant ion in extracellular fluid?
A. sodium
B. chloride
C. potassium
D. calcium
Answer: A
Proteins and some non-electrolytes account for ________ of dissolved solutes in the body's fluids.
Proteins and some non-electrolytes account for ________ of dissolved solutes in the body's fluids.
A. 50-60%
B. 60-97%
C. 25-30%
D. 55-60%
Answer: B
The two major components of the nephron are the ___________.
The two major components of the nephron are the ___________.
A. afferent & efferent arterioles
B. Peritubular capillaries
C. renal corpuscle & tubule
D. glomerulus & calyces
Answer: C
One of the general function of electrolytes is an cofactors for optimal enzyme activity.
One of the general function of electrolytes is an cofactors for optimal enzyme activity.
A. true
B. false
Answer: A
Renal nerves primarily carry parasympathetic outflow in regulation of blood flow through the kidneys.
Renal nerves primarily carry parasympathetic outflow in regulation of blood flow through the kidneys.
A. true
B. false
Answer: B
The kidneys constitute less the 0.5% of total body mass, but receive 40-45% of the resting cardiac output.
The kidneys constitute less the 0.5% of total body mass, but receive 40-45% of the resting cardiac output.
A. angiotensin II
B. aldosterone
C. antiduretic hormone
D. atrial natriuretic peptide
Answer: C
The amount of urinary ________ is the main factor that determines body fluid volume.
The amount of urinary ________ is the main factor that determines body fluid volume.
A water loss
B. Slat loss
C. potassium loss
D. chloride loss
Answer: B
Aerobic respiration level determines the volume of the metabolic water formed. Therefore, the amount of water formed is directly proportional to the amount of _________ produced.
Aerobic respiration level determines the volume of the metabolic water formed. Therefore, the amount of water formed is directly proportional to the amount of _________ produced.
A. ATP
B. ADH
C. ANP
D. Aldosterone
Answer: A
The _________ collects urine and empty it into the renal pelvis.
The _________ collects urine and empty it into the renal pelvis.
A.pyramids
B. Columns
C. calyces
D. cortex
Answer: C
Which of the following is NOT a rout of water loss from the body?
Which of the following is NOT a rout of water loss from the body?
A. urination
B. perspiration
C. Ingestion
D. exhalation
Answer: C
The _________ is a tough fibrous layer that surrounds the kidney to provide some protection from trauma.
The _________ is a tough fibrous layer that surrounds the kidney to provide some protection from trauma.
A. renal fascia
B. adipoose capsule
C. renal capsule
D. glomerular capsule
Answer: C
Body water content declines throughout life and comprised about 45% of total body mass in old age.
Body water content declines throughout life and comprised about 45% of total body mass in old age.
A. True
B. False
Answer: A
The kidneys perform the regulation of blood volume by __________.
The kidneys perform the regulation of blood volume by __________.
A. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway
B. excreting hydrogen's and conserving bicarbonate
C. ionic composition
D. conserving or eliminating water
Answer: D
Adult body fluids make up between _________ of total body mass.
Adult body fluids make up between _________ of total body mass.
A.45&55%
B. 55&65%
C. 50&60%
D. 75&85%
Answer: B
Which of the following is NOT part of the urinary system?
Which of the following is NOT part of the urinary system?
A. Kidneys
B. Bladder
C. Lymphatics
D. Urethra
Answer: C
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