Which of the following is NOT true regarding reasons for using animals in research?

Which of the following is NOT true regarding reasons for using animals in research?

a. There are few guidelines for animal research.

b. Animal research allows for a level of control impossible in human studies.

c. Life-span studies that would take 80 years with people can be accomplished in a few years with animals.

d. Animal studies often lead to breakthroughs in human problems.


Answer: A. There are few guidelines for animal research.

After a study is over, when is it okay to not tell participants about any deception that was used during the study?

After a study is over, when is it okay to not tell participants about any deception that was used during the study?

a. It is never okay. The full nature of any deception should be disclosed.

b. As long as confidentiality is maintained, it is not necessary to disclose the deception.

c. If it is more convenient for the researchers and no harm was done anyway.

d. It is okay only when the risk of telling participants is likely to cause more anxiety than not telling them.


Answer: A. It is never okay. The full nature of any deception should be disclosed.

In order to control all possible confounding variables, Dr. Jackman runs her study in a laboratory using a computer simulation. This increases ________ at the possible cost of losing ________ .

In order to control all possible confounding variables, Dr. Jackman runs her study in a laboratory using a computer simulation. This increases ________ at the possible cost of losing ________ .

a. random assignment; random selection

b. internal validity; external validity

c. external validity; internal validity

d. placebo control; informed consent


Answer: B. Internal Validity; External Validity

Researchers want to see of increasing blood sugar will improve memory function in senior citizens. To test this, they give a group of elderly people lemonade made with either sugar or a non-caloric sweetener followed by a memory test. In this study, what is the dependent variable?

Researchers want to see of increasing blood sugar will improve memory function in senior citizens. To test this, they give a group of elderly people lemonade made with either sugar or a non-caloric sweetener followed by a memory test. In this study, what is the dependent variable?

a. scores on the memory test
b. the people given the lemonade made with sugar
c. the presence of sugar in the lemonade
d. the age of the participants


Answer: A. Scores on the memory test

Dr. Jenkins wants to see if specific goals lead to better performance than "do your best" goals. To test this, he goes to a 5K running race to recruit participants. He asks some racers to try for a specific time that is difficult but possible for them and others to do their very best. On average, those with the specific goals run faster than those trying to do their best. What is the independent variable in this example?

Dr. Jenkins wants to see if specific goals lead to better performance than "do your best" goals. To test this, he goes to a 5K running race to recruit participants. He asks some racers to try for a specific time that is difficult but possible for them and others to do their very best. On average, those with the specific goals run faster than those trying to do their best. What is the independent variable in this example?

a. the type of goal set-specific or "do your best"
b. the faster times in the specific goals group
c. the group that set specific goals
d. race times


Answer: A. The type of goal set-specific or "do your best"

Why is it not possible to determine causality from a correlation?

Why is it not possible to determine causality from a correlation?

a. The correlation proves that there is a causal effect, but you can't know which one causes the other.

b. Correlational studies lack a large enough N, or number of subjects to show causation.

c. There could be a third variable causing both.

d. It is possible, but only if it is a positive correlation.


Answer: C. There could be a third variable causing both.